Comparison of Thyroid Hormone Levels between Women Farmers and Non-Farmers in Banten Indonesia

Dian Mardhiyah, Wan Nedra Komaruddin, Fasli Nedra Jalal, Sri Wuryanti, Syukrini Bahri, Qomariah Qomariah, Insan Sosiawan, Himmi Marsiati, Legiono Legiono, Harliansyah Hanif, Susan Woskie and Pornpimol Kongtip
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Dian Mardhiyah: Department of Public Health, YARSI University, Jakarta 10510, Indonesia
Wan Nedra Komaruddin: Department of Pediatric, YARSI University, Jakarta 10510, Indonesia
Fasli Nedra Jalal: Department of Nutrition, YARSI University, Jakarta 10510, Indonesia
Sri Wuryanti: Department of Nutrition, YARSI University, Jakarta 10510, Indonesia
Syukrini Bahri: Department of Clinical Pathology, YARSI University, Jakarta 10510, Indonesia
Qomariah Qomariah: Department of Physiology, YARSI University, Jakarta 10510, Indonesia
Insan Sosiawan: Department of Physiology, YARSI University, Jakarta 10510, Indonesia
Himmi Marsiati: Department of Physiology, YARSI University, Jakarta 10510, Indonesia
Legiono Legiono: Department of Physiology, YARSI University, Jakarta 10510, Indonesia
Harliansyah Hanif: Department of Biomedical Science, YARSI University, Jakarta 10510, Indonesia
Susan Woskie: Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
Pornpimol Kongtip: Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 12, 1-12

Abstract: Pesticides are suspected of being endocrine disruptors. This cross-sectional study measured serum samples for levels of thyroid hormones including thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), free T3 (FT3), and free T4 (FT4) among Indonesian female farmers ( n = 127) and non-farmers ( n = 127). A questionnaire was used to collect information on demographics and risk factors including work characteristics and frequency, and the use of home and agricultural pesticides. Results showed that there were no significant differences in the distribution of the clinical categories of thyroid levels between farmers and non-farmers except for FT3 and T4. However, in multivariable regression controlling for confounders, FT3 and T4 were significantly higher for farmers compared to non-farmers. In addition, 32% of farmers had clinically low iodine levels and 49% of non-farmers had clinically high iodine levels. We conclude that pesticide exposure may not be as important as iodine intake in explaining these findings. We recommend counseling by health workers about the importance of using iodized salt for farmers and counseling about high iodine foods that need to be avoided for non-farmers.

Keywords: thyroid hormone; pesticides; occupational health; agricultural health; female farmers; endocrine disrupters; agricultural worker (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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