Assessing the Country-Level Excess All-Cause Mortality and the Impacts of Air Pollution and Human Activity during the COVID-19 Epidemic

Yuan Meng, Man Sing Wong, Hanfa Xing, Mei-Po Kwan and Rui Zhu
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Yuan Meng: Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Man Sing Wong: Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Hanfa Xing: School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510000, China
Mei-Po Kwan: Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Rui Zhu: Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 13, 1-16

Abstract: The impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on cause-specific mortality has been investigated on a global scale. However, less is known about the excess all-cause mortality and air pollution-human activity responses. This study estimated the weekly excess all-cause mortality during COVID-19 and evaluated the impacts of air pollution and human activities on mortality variations during the 10th to 52nd weeks of 2020 among sixteen countries. A SARIMA model was adopted to estimate the mortality benchmark based on short-term mortality during 2015–2019 and calculate excess mortality. A quasi-likelihood Poisson-based GAM model was further applied for air pollution/human activity response evaluation, namely ground-level NO 2 and PM 2.5 and the visit frequencies of parks and workplaces. The findings showed that, compared with COVID-19 mortality (i.e., cause-specific mortality), excess all-cause mortality changed from ?26.52% to 373.60% during the 10th to 52nd weeks across the sixteen countries examined, revealing higher excess all-cause mortality than COVID-19 mortality in most countries. For the impact of air pollution and human activities, the average country-level relative risk showed that one unit increase in weekly NO 2 , PM 2.5 , park visits and workplace visits was associated with approximately 1.54% increase and 0.19%, 0.23%, and 0.23% decrease in excess all-cause mortality, respectively. Moreover, compared with the impact on COVID-19 mortality, the relative risks of weekly NO 2 and PM 2.5 were lower, and the relative risks of weekly park and workplace visits were higher for excess all-cause mortality. These results suggest that the estimation based on excess all-cause mortality reduced the potential impact of air pollution and enhanced the influence of human activities compared with the estimation based on COVID-19 mortality.

Keywords: excess mortality; air pollution; human activities; COVID-19 mortality; NO 2; PM 2.5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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