Randomized Controlled Trial of Simple Salt Reduction Instructions by Physician for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Consuming Excessive Salt

Chikako Oyabu, Emi Ushigome, Yuriko Ono, Ayaka Kobayashi, Yoshitaka Hashimoto, Ryosuke Sakai, Hiroya Iwase, Hiroshi Okada, Isao Yokota, Toru Tanaka and Michiaki Fukui
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Chikako Oyabu: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto First Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto 605-0981, Japan
Emi Ushigome: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
Yuriko Ono: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
Ayaka Kobayashi: Department of Diabetes Medicine, Fukuchiyama City Hospital, Kyoto 620-8505, Japan
Yoshitaka Hashimoto: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
Ryosuke Sakai: Department of Diabetes Medicine, Kyoto City Hospital, Kyoto 604-8845, Japan
Hiroya Iwase: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto First Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto 605-0981, Japan
Hiroshi Okada: Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Matsushita Memorial Hospital, Moriguchi 570-8540, Japan
Isao Yokota: Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
Toru Tanaka: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto First Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto 605-0981, Japan
Michiaki Fukui: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 13, 1-11

Abstract: Objectives : We verified the clinical usefulness of an approach method in which a physician gives simple salt reduction instructions during outpatient visits to patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods : This study was an open-blind, randomized controlled trial. Subjects were outpatients with type 2 diabetes whose estimated salt intake using spot morning urine sample exceeded the target of salt intake. The control group (CG) was notified only of the current salt intake, whereas the intervention group (IG) was given the brief salt reduction instruction by a physician in addition to the information regarding their current salt intake. Results : The change in estimated salt intake was ?0.6 g (from 10.1 to 9.5 g, p = 0.029) in the CG after 8 weeks, and ?0.9 g (from 10.1 to 9.2 g, p = 0.001) in the IG, although there were no significant differences between them ( p = 0.47). After 24 weeks, both groups no longer differed significantly from the baseline. In addition, multivariate linear regression analyses indicated that high salt intake and low estimated glomerular filtration rate at baseline were significantly associated with salt reduction after 8 weeks. Conclusions : Salt-reducing effects were observed after 8 weeks in both the IG and CG, but no significant difference was observed. Moreover, patients with high salt intake and renal disfunction may be more effective in accepting salt reduction instructions. Making patients aware of the importance of salt reduction through a physician is effective for continuous salt reduction, and it is important to continue regular and repetitive guidance.

Keywords: salt intake; salt restriction; nutritional instructions; randomized controlled trial; hypertension; type 2 diabetes mellitus (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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