Assessment of Unstimulated Whole Salivary Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-?) and Cellular Micronuclei Levels in Snuff (Naswar) Users and Non-Users for Early Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Waqar Muhammad, Muhammad M. Khan, Shafaq Zafar, Montaser N. Alqutub, Abdulrahman M. AlMubarak, Sameer Mokeem, Zafar A. Khan, Muhammad K. Usman, Naseer Ahmed, Nada Aldahiyan, Fahim Vohra and Tariq Abduljabbar
Additional contact information
Waqar Muhammad: Department of Oral Pathology, Peshawar Medical College, Warsak Road, Peshawar 25160, Pakistan
Muhammad M. Khan: Department of Oral Pathology, Peshawar Medical College, Warsak Road, Peshawar 25160, Pakistan
Shafaq Zafar: Department of Pharmacology, Peshawar Medical College, Warsak Road, Peshawar 25160, Pakistan
Montaser N. Alqutub: Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
Abdulrahman M. AlMubarak: Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
Sameer Mokeem: Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
Zafar A. Khan: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72311, Saudi Arabia
Muhammad K. Usman: Department of Oral Pathology, Peshawar Medical College, Warsak Road, Peshawar 25160, Pakistan
Naseer Ahmed: Department of Prosthodontics, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi 75500, Pakistan
Nada Aldahiyan: Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
Fahim Vohra: Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
Tariq Abduljabbar: Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 14, 1-12

Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-?) and cellular micronuclei in snuff dippers (Naswar) compared to healthy control subjects. The case control study was conducted over 9 months at a tertiary care center. Sixty patients were divided into two groups: Snuff dippers (SD) (Naswar) and non-snuff dippers (NSD) (control subjects). The included self-reported SD used Snuff twice daily for more than 12 months. UWS was collected and salivary TNF-? assessment was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For cellular micronuclei, buccal mucosa was brushed to obtain cells in Naswar users, fixed with a dibutylphthalate polystyrene xylene (DPX) mounting to view micronuclei. Means and standard deviations were compared using the t-test and outcomes were related using Pearson correlation, considering p ? 0.05 as significant. The mean age of participants was 38.85 ± 11.56 years. The mean duration of snuff use was 20.43 ± 12.79 years and the common site for Naswar placement was the lower vestibule ( n = 19, 63.3%). TNF-? levels among SD were 9.6 ± 3.3 pg/mL, which were significantly higher than levels in NSD, 5.2 ± 3 pg/mL ( p < 0.05). The number of cellular micronuclei in SD was 30.7 ± 7.8, which was comparatively higher than in NSD, which was 9.2 ± 3.3 ( p < 0.05). The duration of snuff use was positively correlated to TNF-? levels ( p = 0.048) rather than the micronuclei number ( p = 0.97). SD showed higher levels of TNF-? and cellular micronuclei compared with NSD (control subjects); a positive correlation was shown with the duration of snuff use. We conclude that TNF-? and micronuclei are potential salivary biomarkers for an oral biological effect in snuff (Naswar) users.

Keywords: micronuclei; TNF-?; snuff dippers; naswar; smokeless tobacco; oral cancer (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/14/7230/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/14/7230/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:14:p:7230-:d:589428

Access Statistics for this article

IJERPH is currently edited by Ms. Jenna Liu

More articles in IJERPH from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().