Associations between Biomarkers of Exposure and Lung Cancer Risk among Exclusive Cigarette Smokers in the Golestan Cohort Study

Brian L. Rostron, Jia Wang, Arash Etemadi, Sapna Thakur, Joanne T. Chang, Deepak Bhandari, Julianne Cook Botelho, Víctor R. De Jesús, Jun Feng, Mitchell H. Gail, Maki Inoue-Choi, Reza Malekzadeh, Akram Pourshams, Hossein Poustchi, Gholamreza Roshandel, Meredith S. Shiels, Qian Wang, Yuesong Wang, Baoyun Xia, Paolo Boffetta, Paul Brennan, Christian C. Abnet, Antonia M. Calafat, Lanqing Wang, Benjamin C. Blount, Neal D. Freedman and Cindy M. Chang
Additional contact information
Brian L. Rostron: Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
Jia Wang: Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
Arash Etemadi: Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
Sapna Thakur: Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
Joanne T. Chang: Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
Deepak Bhandari: Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
Julianne Cook Botelho: Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
Víctor R. De Jesús: Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
Jun Feng: Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
Mitchell H. Gail: Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
Maki Inoue-Choi: Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
Reza Malekzadeh: Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411713135, Iran
Akram Pourshams: Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411713135, Iran
Hossein Poustchi: Liver and Pancreaticobilliary Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411713135, Iran
Gholamreza Roshandel: Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 4917867439, Iran
Meredith S. Shiels: Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
Qian Wang: Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
Yuesong Wang: Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
Baoyun Xia: Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
Paolo Boffetta: Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
Paul Brennan: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon, France
Christian C. Abnet: Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
Antonia M. Calafat: Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
Lanqing Wang: Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
Benjamin C. Blount: Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
Neal D. Freedman: Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
Cindy M. Chang: Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 14, 1-12

Abstract: Biomarkers of tobacco exposure are known to be associated with disease risk but previous studies are limited in number and restricted to certain regions. We conducted a nested case–control study examining baseline levels and subsequent lung cancer incidence among current male exclusive cigarette smokers in the Golestan Cohort Study in Iran. We calculated geometric mean biomarker concentrations for 28 matched cases and 52 controls for the correlation of biomarker levels among controls and for adjusted odds’ ratios (ORs) for lung cancer incidence by biomarker concentration, accounting for demographic characteristics, smoking quantity and duration, and opium use. Lung cancer cases had higher average levels of most biomarkers including total nicotine equivalents (TNE-2), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), and 3-hydroxyfluorene (3-FLU). Many biomarkers correlated highly with one another including TNE-2 with NNAL and N-Acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (2CYEMA), and N-Acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine (t4HBEMA) with N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl-1-methyl)-L-cysteine (3HMPMA) and N-Acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine (4HMBEMA). Lung cancer risk increased with concentration for several biomarkers, including TNE-2 (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.03, 4.78) and NNN (OR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.13, 5.27), and estimates were significant after further adjustment for demographic and smoking characteristics for 2CYEMA (OR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.03, 4.55), N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (2CAEMA) (OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.01, 4.55), and N-Acetyl-S-(2-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine (2HPMA) (OR = 2.85, 95% CI = 1.04, 7.81). Estimates were not significant with adjustment for opium use. Concentrations of many biomarkers were higher at the baseline for participants who subsequently developed lung cancer than among the matched controls. Odds of lung cancer were higher for several biomarkers including with adjustment for smoking exposure for some but not with adjustment for opium use.

Keywords: tobacco; biomarker; lung cancer (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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