Exploring the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Development of 0–4-Year Old Children in The Netherlands

Luuk van Wel, Paula van Dommelen, Moniek Zuurbier, Debbie Heinen, Jennie Odink, Janine Bezem, Paul H. Verkerk, Anjoeka Pronk, Gerard Hoek and Eelco Kuijpers
Additional contact information
Luuk van Wel: Risk Analysis for Products in Development, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, P.O. Box 80015, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
Paula van Dommelen: Department of Child Health, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, P.O. Box 3005, NL-2301 DA Leiden, The Netherlands
Moniek Zuurbier: Public Health Services Gelderland-Midden, P.O. Box 5364, NL-6802 EJ Arnhem, The Netherlands
Debbie Heinen: Public Health Services Gelderland-Midden, P.O. Box 5364, NL-6802 EJ Arnhem, The Netherlands
Jennie Odink: Public Health Services Gelderland-Midden, P.O. Box 5364, NL-6802 EJ Arnhem, The Netherlands
Janine Bezem: Department of Child Health, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, P.O. Box 3005, NL-2301 DA Leiden, The Netherlands
Paul H. Verkerk: Department of Child Health, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, P.O. Box 3005, NL-2301 DA Leiden, The Netherlands
Anjoeka Pronk: Risk Analysis for Products in Development, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, P.O. Box 80015, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
Gerard Hoek: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
Eelco Kuijpers: Risk Analysis for Products in Development, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, P.O. Box 80015, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 15, 1-11

Abstract: Air pollution, noise, and green space are important environmental exposures, having been linked to a variety of specific health outcomes. However, there are few studies addressing overall early life development. To assess their effects, associations between developmental milestones for a large population of 0–4-year old children in The Netherlands and environmental exposures were explored. Developmental milestones and background characteristics were provided by Preventive Child Health Care (PCHC) and supplemented with data from Statistics Netherlands. Milestones were summarized and standardized into an aggregate score measuring global development. Four age groups were selected. Environmental exposures were assigned to geocoded addresses using publicly available maps for PM 2.5 , PM 10 , PM coarse , NO 2 , EC, road traffic noise, and green space. Associations were investigated using single and multiple-exposure logistic regression models. 43,916 PCHC visits by 29,524 children were available. No consistent associations were found for air pollution and road traffic noise. Green space was positively associated in single and multiple-exposure models although it was not significant in all age groups (OR 1.01 (0.95; 1.08) (1 year) to 1.07 (1.01; 1.14) (2 years)). No consistent associations were found between air pollution, road traffic noise, and global child development. A positive association of green space was indicated.

Keywords: child health; early life development; environmental exposure; air pollution; green space; D-score (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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