Validation and Cultural Adaptation of Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) in Assessing Stigma among Recovered Patients with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia

Lamia A. Al-Zamel, Shatha F. Al-Thunayan, Afnan A. Al-Rasheed, Munirah A. Alkathiri, Faisal Alamri, Faleh Alqahtani, Amer S. Alali, Omar A. Almohammed, Yousif A. Asiri, Adel S. Bashatah and Yazed AlRuthia
Additional contact information
Lamia A. Al-Zamel: King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
Shatha F. Al-Thunayan: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Afnan A. Al-Rasheed: Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 12233, Saudi Arabia
Munirah A. Alkathiri: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Faisal Alamri: Basic Sciences Department, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
Faleh Alqahtani: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Amer S. Alali: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia
Omar A. Almohammed: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Yousif A. Asiri: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Adel S. Bashatah: Department of Nursing Administration & Education, College of Nursing, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Yazed AlRuthia: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 16, 1-13

Abstract: Stigma is a negative feeling affecting many patients with various health conditions, especially the contagious ones such as COVID-19. The Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) is one of the valid and reliable stigma-measuring tools; however, it has not been translated and validated in Arabic. Therefore, the aim of this study was to translate and validate the EMIC in Arabic among a sample of Arabic-speaking adults who recently recovered from COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. The 12 items of the EMIC scale were forward- and backward-translated and reviewed by all authors to check the face and content validity prior to approving the final version of the Arabic 12-item EMIC. A total of 174 participants aged ?18 years who contracted COVID-19 and recovered as of 29 July 2020 were interviewed. The Cronbach’s alpha of the Arabic version of the 12-item EMIC was 0.79, indicating an acceptable level of internal consistency. Using principal component analysis with varimax rotation, two factors explained more than 60% of the variance of the translated EMIC scale. The mean EMIC score was 5.91, implying a low level of stigma among participants. Married participants ( ? = 2.93; 95%CI 0.88 to 4.98, p = 0.005) and those with a family history of mental illness ( ? = 2.38; 95%CI 0.29 to 4.46, p = 0.025) were more likely to have higher EMIC scores in comparison to their counterparts who were unmarried and had no family history of mental illness. On the contrary, older adults were less likely to have high EMIC scores ( ? = ?0.11; 95%CI ?0.21 to ?0.01, p = 0.03). Future studies with larger samples of patients with COVID-19 and various health conditions should be conducted to examine the validity and reliability of the Arabic version of the EMIC among different patient populations and to unveil the factors that may play a role in patients’ feelings of stigmatization in this part of the world.

Keywords: COVID-19; social stigma; mental health; surveys and questionnaires; Saudi Arabia (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (2)

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