Geophagic Clays from Cameroon: Provenance, Metal Contamination and Health Risk Assessment

Georges-Ivo Ekosse, George Elambo Nkeng, Nenita Bukalo and Olaonipekun Oyebanjo
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Georges-Ivo Ekosse: Directorate of Research and Innovation, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
George Elambo Nkeng: National Advanced School of Public Works (ENSTP), Yaounde 510, Cameroon
Nenita Bukalo: Directorate of Research and Innovation, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
Olaonipekun Oyebanjo: Directorate of Research and Innovation, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 16, 1-20

Abstract: This study assessed the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of geophagic clays sold in some markets in Cameroon to ascertain their provenance, contamination status and human health risk. To achieve this, 40 samples from 13 markets in Cameroon were purchased and analysed using X-ray diffractometry, X-ray fluorescence and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for their mineralogy and geochemistry, respectively. The geophagic clays were dominantly made up of kaolinite and quartz. Their chemistry was dominated by SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 and LOI with means of 48.76 wt%, 32.12 wt% and 13.93 wt%, respectively. The major, trace and rare earth elements data showed that these geophagic clays were predominantly derived from felsic rocks. The contamination assessment indicated no enrichment of metals from anthropogenic sources, except for Zn in samples from Acacia, Madagascar and Mfoudi markets. The index of geo-accumulation indicated no contamination to moderate contamination of the clays. The non-carcinogenic index values for Fe, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were generally less than 1, suggesting no non-carcinogenic risk exposure to children and adults consuming the geophagic clays from these metals. The carcinogenic risk index (TCR) for Ni and Cr were above 10 ?6 , which implies that children and adults are vulnerable to minimal carcinogenic health risk. The TCR values from Ni posed the highest risk, especially to children consuming clays from some markets.

Keywords: contamination; geophagia; health risk assessment; kaolinite (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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