Long-Term Residential Exposure to Particulate Matter and Its Components, Nitrogen Dioxide and Ozone—A Northern Sweden Cohort Study on Mortality

Johan N. Sommar, Ulla A. Hvidtfeldt, Camilla Geels, Lise M. Frohn, Jørgen Brandt, Jesper H. Christensen, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen and Bertil Forsberg
Additional contact information
Johan N. Sommar: Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
Ulla A. Hvidtfeldt: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
Camilla Geels: Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Lise M. Frohn: Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Jørgen Brandt: Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Jesper H. Christensen: Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Ole Raaschou-Nielsen: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
Bertil Forsberg: Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 16, 1-16

Abstract: This study aims to estimate the mortality risk associated with air pollution in a Swedish cohort with relatively low exposure. Air pollution models were used to estimate annual mean concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ? 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ), primary emitted carbonaceous particles (BC/pOC), sea salt, chemically formed particles grouped as secondary inorganic and organic aerosols (SIA and SOA) as well as ozone (O 3 ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). The exposure, as a moving average was calculated based on home address for the time windows 1 year (lag 1), 1–5 years (lag 1–5) and 1–10 years (lag 1–10) preceding the death. During the study period, 1151 cases of natural mortality, 253 cases of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and 113 cases of respiratory and lung cancer mortality were observed during 369,394 person-years of follow-up. Increased natural mortality was observed in association with NO 2 (3% [95% CI ?8–14%] per IQR) and PM 2.5 (2% [95% CI ?5–9%] for an IQR increase) and its components, except for SOA where a decreased risk was observed. Higher risk increases were observed for CVD mortality (e.g., 18% [95% CI 1–39%] per IQR for NO 2 ). These findings at low exposure levels are relevant for future decisions concerning air quality policies.

Keywords: air pollution components; carbonaceous particles; secondary inorganic aerosols; secondary organic aerosols; sea salt; mortality (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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