FGM and Restorative Justice—A Challenge for Developing Countries and for Refugee Women

Thomas Wenzel, Jan Ilhan Kizilhan, Reem Alksiri, Daniela Dörfler, Eva Jana Messerschmidt and Anthony Fu Chen
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Thomas Wenzel: World Psychiatric Association Scientific Section on Psychological Aspects of Persecution and Torture, 1226 Geneva, Switzerland
Jan Ilhan Kizilhan: Duale Hochschule Baden-Württemberg, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
Reem Alksiri: World Psychiatric Association Scientific Section on Psychological Aspects of Persecution and Torture, 1226 Geneva, Switzerland
Daniela Dörfler: Department Gynaecology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
Eva Jana Messerschmidt: Independent Researcher, 1010 Vienna, Austria
Anthony Fu Chen: World Psychiatric Association Scientific Section on Psychological Aspects of Persecution and Torture, 1226 Geneva, Switzerland

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 17, 1-8

Abstract: Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) has been identified as one of the most serious human rights violations women are exposed to in many countries, in spite of national and international efforts. The actual implementation of preventive strategies and support of victims faces a number of challenges that can only be addressed by an interdisciplinary approach integrating public health and legal considerations. FGM in the context of women as refugees who left their country to escape FGM has rarely been covered in this context. This article summarizes the most important international standards and initiatives against FGM, highlights the medical, legal, and psychological factors identified so far, and explores the interdisciplinary considerations in changing a country and society to permit safe return of those escaping FGM to third countries and support public health in the country.

Keywords: female genital mutilation; refugees; migrants; human rights; gender; transitional justice; psychological trauma; gynecology; primary mental health (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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