Physiological and Psychological Responses to a Maximal Swimming Exercise Test in Adolescent Elite Athletes

Gábor Almási, Edit Bosnyák, Ákos Móra, Annamária Zsákai, Piroska V. Fehér, Dorina Annár, Nikoletta Nagy, Zsófia Sziráki, Han C. G. Kemper and Márta Szmodis
Additional contact information
Gábor Almási: Department of Health Science and Sports Medicine, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
Edit Bosnyák: Department of Health Science and Sports Medicine, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
Ákos Móra: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
Annamária Zsákai: Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
Piroska V. Fehér: Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
Dorina Annár: Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
Nikoletta Nagy: Department of Swimming and Water Sports, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
Zsófia Sziráki: Department of Health Science and Sports Medicine, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
Han C. G. Kemper: EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Márta Szmodis: Department of Health Science and Sports Medicine, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 17, 1-13

Abstract: Background: Continuously rising performances in elite adolescent athletes requires increasing training loads. This training overload without professional monitoring, could lead to overtraining in these adolescents. Methods: 31 elite adolescent athletes (boys: n = 19, 16 yrs; girls: n = 12, 15 yrs) participated in a field-test which contained a unified warm-up and a 200 m maximal freestyle swimming test. Saliva samples for testosterone (T) in boys, estradiol (E) in girls and cortisol (C) in both genders were collected pre-, post- and 30 min post-exercise. Lactate levels were obtained pre- and post-exercise. Brunel Mood Scale, Perceived Stress Scale and psychosomatic symptoms questionnaires were filled out post-exercise. Results: Lactate levels differed between genders (boys: pre: 1.01 ± 0.26; post: 8.19 ± 3.24; girls: pre: 0.74 ± 0.23; post: 5.83 ± 2.48 mmol/L). C levels increased significantly in boys: pre- vs. post- ( p = 0.009), pre- vs. 30 min post-exercise ( p = 0.003). The T level ( p = 0.0164) and T/C ratio ( p = 0.0004) decreased after field test which draws attention to the possibility of overtraining. Maximal and resting heart rates did not differ between genders; however, heart rate recovery did (boys: 29.22 ± 7.4; girls: 40.58 ± 14.50 beats/min; p = 0.008). Conclusions: Our models can be used to explain the hormonal ratio changes (37.5–89.8%). Based on the results this method can induce hormonal response in elite adolescent athletes and can be used to notice irregularities with repeated measurements.

Keywords: adolescent elite; physiology; psychology; overtraining; swimming (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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