Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Aflatoxins through Intake of Eastern Herbal Medicines Collected from Four Districts of Southern Punjab—Pakistan

Aqib Javed, Iqra Naeem, Noreddine Benkerroum, Muhammad Riaz, Saeed Akhtar, Amir Ismail, Muhammad Sajid, Muhammad Tayyab Khan and Zubair Ismail
Additional contact information
Aqib Javed: Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
Iqra Naeem: Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
Noreddine Benkerroum: Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 93 Mount Edward Rd Charlottetown, Charlottetown, PE C1A 5T1, Canada
Muhammad Riaz: Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
Saeed Akhtar: Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
Amir Ismail: Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
Muhammad Sajid: Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
Muhammad Tayyab Khan: Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
Zubair Ismail: Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 18, 1-21

Abstract: Eastern herbal medicines (HMs) are plant-derived naturally occurring substances with minimum or no industrial processing that have long been used in traditional medicine. Aflatoxins are frequent contaminants of plants. Therefore, these mycotoxins are likely to contaminate HMs and pose a health risk to individuals using them on a regular basis as preventive or curative treatments of various diseases. The present study aimed to determine aflatoxin levels in the most popular Pakistani HM formulations and to assess the health risk associated with the intake of aflatoxins. A total of 400 samples of HM formulations collected from four districts of Punjab were analyzed for the quantification of aflatoxins, out of which 52.5% were found to be contaminated. The average daily dose (ADD) of AFB 1 and AFs through the intake of HM formulations ranged between 0.00483 and 0.118 ng/kg bw/day and between 0.00579 and 1.714 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. The margin of exposure (MOE) and population cancer risk ranged from 99.49 to 29378.8 and from 0.00011 to 0.0325 liver cancer cases/10 5 individuals/year (0.0075–2.455 liver cancer cases/10 5 individuals/75 years), respectively. Despite the low exposure to aflatoxins from HM formulations in the four studied Punjab (Pakistan) districts, the frequent contamination of the analyzed samples suggests that official measures should be considered to manage the associated risk.

Keywords: herbal medicine; aflatoxin; health risk; Punjab; exposure; cancer risk (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (2)

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