Air Pollutant Particles, PM 2.5, Exposure and Glaucoma in Patients with Diabetes: A National Population-Based Nested Case–Control Study

Yun-Wei Chiang, Sheng-Wen Wu, Ci-Wen Luo, Shih-Pin Chen, Chun-Jung Chen, Wen-Ying Chen, Chia-Che Chang, Chuan-Mu Chen and Yu-Hsiang Kuan
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Yun-Wei Chiang: Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan
Sheng-Wen Wu: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
Ci-Wen Luo: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
Shih-Pin Chen: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
Chun-Jung Chen: Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
Wen-Ying Chen: Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan
Chia-Che Chang: Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan
Chuan-Mu Chen: Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan
Yu-Hsiang Kuan: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 18, 1-12

Abstract: The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has reached 20%. Air pollutants with a particle size of less than 2.5 ?m (PM 2.5 ) are a globally recognized risk factor for diabetes and glaucoma. We examined whether the risk of glaucoma would decrease or increase when patients with DM were exposed to different PM 2.5 concentrations. Data were obtained from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan and the Air Quality Monitoring Network between 2008 and 2013. This nested case–control study involved 197 DM patients with glaucoma and 788 DM patients without glaucoma. Cases and controls were matched (1:4) by gender, age (±5 years), and index date (±6 months), and their data were entered in a logistic regression model adjusted for gender, age, urbanization level, income level, and comorbidities. The odds ratio (OR) of glaucoma at PM 2.5 exposure concentration in the fourth quartile (Q4) compared with in the first quartile (Q1) was 1.7 (95% CI: 1.084–2.764). For glaucoma risk, the OR was 1.013 (95% CI: 1.006–1.020) at a PM2.5 exposure concentration in Q1, 1.004 (95% CI: 1.001–1.007) in the third quartile (Q3), and 1.003 (95% CI: 1.001–1.004) in Q4. In the subgroup analysis of patients living in non-emerging towns and non-agricultural towns, the OR for glaucoma in Q4 compared with in Q1 was 2.1 (95% CI: 1.229–3.406) and 1.8 (95% CI: 1.091–2.803), respectively ( p trend = 0.001 and 0.011). For patients without migraine, the OR for glaucoma was 1.7 (95% CI: 1.074–2.782; p = 0.006). These results demonstrate that, for patients with DM, PM 2.5 increased the risk of glaucoma and PM 2.5 was an independent risk factor for glaucoma in patients with DM.

Keywords: PM 2.5; glaucoma; diabetes; nested case–control study (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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