Trace Elements and Omega-3 Fatty Acids of Wild and Farmed Mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ) Consumed in Bulgaria: Human Health Risks

Katya Peycheva, Veselina Panayotova, Rositsa Stancheva, Lubomir Makedonski, Albena Merdzhanova, Nicola Cicero, Vincenzo Parrino and Francesco Fazio
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Katya Peycheva: Department of Chemistry, Medical University of Varna, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
Veselina Panayotova: Department of Chemistry, Medical University of Varna, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
Rositsa Stancheva: Department of Chemistry, Medical University of Varna, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
Lubomir Makedonski: Department of Chemistry, Medical University of Varna, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
Albena Merdzhanova: Department of Chemistry, Medical University of Varna, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
Nicola Cicero: Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
Vincenzo Parrino: Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
Francesco Fazio: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 19, 1-15

Abstract: The unique, closed ecosystem of the Black Sea is of significant global importance. The levels and health risk of some trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn) in wild and farmed mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ) collected from the Bulgarian part of the Black Sea were determined and using different approaches such as Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), Hazard Index (HI), Target risk (TR), human health risk levels were assessed. The mean maximum concentrations of the elements Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn in all mussel samples were below the maximum permissible limits (MPLs) except that which exceeded the limit of 2.00 mg/kg ww. Eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) were the major polyunsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acids profile studied mussels showed that the farmed mussels had higher PUFA/SFA ratios, DHA and EPA + DHA content and lower SFA, AI and TI values. The target risk (TR) values for Pb, Cr, Ni and As were calculated, evaluated and showed acceptable or negligible levels. Target hazard quotients (THQs) and hazard index (HI) from elemental intake were below 1 indicated no hazard from consumption. The benefit–risk ratio indicated that wild and cultured M. galloprovincialis are safe for human consumption.

Keywords: trace elements; fatty acids; Black Sea; mussel; risk–benefit; human health risk (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (2)

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