Simple Disposable Odor Identification Tests for Predicting SARS-CoV-2 Positivity

Laura Ziuzia-Januszewska, Paweł Dobrzyński, Krzysztof Ślączka, Jaromir Ciszek, Łukasz Krawiec, Waldemar Wierzba and Artur Zaczyński
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Laura Ziuzia-Januszewska: Department of Otolaryngology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
Paweł Dobrzyński: Department of Otolaryngology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
Krzysztof Ślączka: Department of Otolaryngology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
Jaromir Ciszek: Department of Otolaryngology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
Łukasz Krawiec: Department of Otolaryngology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
Waldemar Wierzba: UHE Satellite Campus, University of Humanities and Economics, 01-513 Warsaw, Poland
Artur Zaczyński: Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 19, 1-16

Abstract: Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a common manifestation of COVID-19 and may be useful for screening. Survey-based olfactory evaluation tends to underestimate the prevalence of OD, while psychophysical olfactory testing during a pandemic has the disadvantage of being time consuming, expensive, and requiring standardized laboratory settings. We aimed to develop a quick, simple, affordable, and reliable test to objectively assess the prevalence and diagnostic accuracy of OD in COVID-19. The olfactory function of 64 COVID-19 inpatients and 34 controls was evaluated using a questionnaire and a simple disposable odor identification test (SDOIT) developed for this study. Four SDOIT models were assessed: 10-SDOIT, 9-SDOIT, 8-SDOIT, and 4-SDOIT, with 10, 9, 8 and 4 samples, respectively. We found a high frequency of self-reported OD in COVID-19 patients, with 32.8% and 42.2% reporting current and recent OD, respectively. Different SDOIT models revealed smell impairment in 54.7–64.1% of COVID-19 patients. The combination of either 10-SDOIT results and self-reported OD, or 8-SDOIT results and self-reported OD, were the best predictors of COVID-19, both with an AUC value of 0.87 (0.85 and 0.86 for the age-matched subjects). OD is a common symptom of COVID-19. A combination of self-reported smell deterioration and OD psychophysically evaluated using SDOIT appears to be a good predictor of COVID-19.

Keywords: olfactory; anosmia; COVID-19; objective; SDOIT (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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