Mass Gathering Medicine in Soccer Leagues: A Review and Creation of the SALEM Tool

Anas A. Khan, Abdulrahman Y. Sabbagh, Jamie Ranse, Michael S. Molloy and Gregory R. Ciottone
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Anas A. Khan: Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
Abdulrahman Y. Sabbagh: Emergency Medicine Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 12231, Saudi Arabia
Jamie Ranse: Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4215, Australia
Michael S. Molloy: University College Dublin School of Medicine and Medical Science, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
Gregory R. Ciottone: Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 19, 1-15

Abstract: Potential risks for public health incidents, outbreaks, and casualties are inferred at association football events, especially if event organizers have not taken appropriate preventative measures. This review explores the potential risks imposed by mass gathering (MG) football events, with particular emphasis on tools and methodologies to manage the risks of football MG events. Effective planning and implementation of MGs along with the mitigation of risks related to people’s health require special attention to all potential threats, especially in frequent and recurring MG events such as football leagues. The well-being of all participants can be compromised by ignoring a single risk. Healthcare systems should cooperate with all stakeholders and organizations who are involved in MG management and response. Provision of services during MG or a disaster must be performed by trained personnel or entities that have full access to available resources in accessible publicly known locations at the MG event site. Several MG assessment tools were developed worldwide; however, to adapt to the Saudi context, SALEM tool was developed to provide a guide for MG planning and assessment. SALEM assesses the risks of MG events with scores that help to categorize the risk of MG events by offering recommendations for required resources.

Keywords: football events; mass gathering; public health risks; overcrowding; risk assessment (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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