Smoking a Dangerous Addiction: A Systematic Review on an Underrated Risk Factor for Oral Diseases

Naveed Ahmed, Sohaib Arshad, Syed Nahid Basheer, Mohmed Isaqali Karobari, Anand Marya, Charu Mohan Marya, Pratibha Taneja, Pietro Messina, Chan Yean Yean and Giuseppe Alessandro Scardina
Additional contact information
Naveed Ahmed: Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia
Sohaib Arshad: Periodontics Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia
Syed Nahid Basheer: Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
Mohmed Isaqali Karobari: Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia
Anand Marya: Department of Orthodontics, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh 12211, Cambodia
Charu Mohan Marya: Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad 121002, India
Pratibha Taneja: Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad 121002, India
Pietro Messina: Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
Chan Yean Yean: Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia
Giuseppe Alessandro Scardina: Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 21, 1-16

Abstract: Despite growing knowledge of the adverse effects of cigarette smoking on general health, smoking is one of the most widely prevalent addictions around the world. Globally, about 1.1 billion smokers and over 8 million people die each year because of cigarette smoking. Smoking acts as a source for a variety of oral and systemic diseases. Various periodontal issues such as increased pocket depth, loss of alveolar bone, tooth mobility, oral lesions, ulcerations, halitosis, and stained teeth are more common among smokers. This systematic review was conducted according to the guidelines from PRISMA, and research articles were retrieved from the Web database sources on 31 May 2021. The quality of research articles was ensured by the type of evidence from combined schema incorporating as schema-13 evidence type description, Cochrane health promotion and public health field (CHPPHF), and the health gains notation framework-14 screening question for quality assessment of qualitative and quantitative studies. Smokers have been found to have bleeding on probing, periodontal pockets, and clinical attachment loss compared to nonsmokers. Oral and respiratory cancers are among the most lethal known diseases caused by cigarette smoking and other commonly occurring sequelae such as stained teeth, periodontal diseases, etc.

Keywords: oral health; smoking; periodontal disease; risk factors; oral cancer (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/21/11003/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/21/11003/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:21:p:11003-:d:660204

Access Statistics for this article

IJERPH is currently edited by Ms. Jenna Liu

More articles in IJERPH from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().