Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking on the Onset of Hypertension in a Long-Term Longitudinal Study in a Male Workers’ Cohort

Tamotsu Nagao, Kazuhiro Nogawa, Koichi Sakata, Hideki Morimoto, Kotaro Morita, Yuka Watanabe and Yasushi Suwazono
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Tamotsu Nagao: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
Kazuhiro Nogawa: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
Koichi Sakata: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
Hideki Morimoto: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
Kotaro Morita: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
Yuka Watanabe: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
Yasushi Suwazono: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 22, 1-11

Abstract: Aim: To determine the effects of alcohol consumption and smoking on the onset of hypertension in a long-term longitudinal study. Methods: 7511 non-hypertensive male workers were enrolled. This cohort study was performed over an 8-year period using the results of the annual workers-health screening. The end-point was defined as systolic blood pressure ? 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ? 90 mmHg, or use of antihypertensive drugs. For alcohol consumption, weekly alcohol intake (g ethanol/week) was estimated (1 “gou” = 22 g ethanol). Annual survey data were analyzed by pooled logistic regression that included alcohol consumption, smoking, age, body mass index, job schedule types, habitual exercise, and blood test measurements into the statistical model. Results: A significant positive dose–response relationship between alcohol consumption and onset of hypertension was observed, with synergistic health effects present. Compared with abstainers and nonsmokers, the adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for the onset of hypertension were: 1.51 (1.27–1.79) for 154 g ethanol/week and nonsmokers, and 1.81 (1.54–2.11) for 154 g ethanol/week and smokers. An interaction between alcohol and smoking was confirmed. Conclusions: This study provided information useful to the prevention of hypertension. By reducing alcohol consumption and smoking simultaneously, the risk of hypertension may be considerably lowered.

Keywords: alcohol consumption; smoking; hypertension; long-term longitudinal study; workers’ cohort; pooled logistic regression analysis (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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