The Effect of Socioeconomic Factors and Indoor Residual Spraying on Malaria in Mangaluru, India: A Case-Control Study

Konrad Siegert, Welmoed van Loon, Prabhanjan P Gai, Jessica L Rohmann, Marco Piccininni, Anatol-Fiete Näher, Archith Boloor, Damodara Shenoy, Chakrapani Mahabala, Suyamindra S Kulkarni, Arun Kumar, Jacob Wedam, Pramod Gai, Rajeshwari Devi, Animesh Jain, Tobias Kurth and Frank P Mockenhaupt
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Konrad Siegert: Institute of Tropical Medicine & International Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
Welmoed van Loon: Institute of Tropical Medicine & International Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
Prabhanjan P Gai: Institute of Tropical Medicine & International Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
Jessica L Rohmann: Institute of Public Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
Marco Piccininni: Institute of Public Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
Anatol-Fiete Näher: Institute of Tropical Medicine & International Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
Archith Boloor: Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
Damodara Shenoy: Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
Chakrapani Mahabala: Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
Suyamindra S Kulkarni: Karnataka Institute for DNA Research, Dharwad 580003, Karnataka, India
Arun Kumar: General Hospital Shikaripura, Shivamogga 577427, Karnataka, India
Jacob Wedam: Institute of Tropical Medicine & International Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
Pramod Gai: Karnataka Institute for DNA Research, Dharwad 580003, Karnataka, India
Rajeshwari Devi: District Hospital Mysore, Mysuru 570016, Karnataka, India
Animesh Jain: Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
Tobias Kurth: Institute of Public Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
Frank P Mockenhaupt: Institute of Tropical Medicine & International Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 22, 1-13

Abstract: India faces 0.5 million malaria cases annually, including half of all Plasmodium vivax malaria cases worldwide. This case–control study assessed socioeconomic determinants of urban malaria in coastal Mangaluru, Karnataka, southwestern India. Between June and December 2015, we recruited 859 malaria patients presenting at the governmental Wenlock Hospital and 2190 asymptomatic community controls. We assessed clinical, parasitological, and socioeconomic data. Among patients, p. vivax mono-infection (70.1%) predominated. Most patients were male (93%), adult (median, 27 years), had no or low-level education (70.3%), and 57.1% were daily labourers or construction workers. In controls (59.3% male; median age, 32 years; no/low-level education, 54.5%; daily labourers/construction workers, 41.3%), 4.1% showed asymptomatic Plasmodium infection. The odds of malaria was reduced among those who had completed 10th school grade (aOR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.26–0.42), lived in a building with a tiled roof (aOR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.53–0.95), and reported recent indoor residual spraying (aOR, 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01–0.04). In contrast, migrant status was a risk factor for malaria (aOR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.60–3.67). Malaria in Mangaluru is influenced by education, housing condition, and migration. Indoor residual spraying greatly contributes to reducing malaria in this community and should be promoted, especially among its marginalised members.

Keywords: malaria; India; Mangaluru; urban; socioeconomic; migration; indoor residual spraying; directed acyclic graph (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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