Nutrient and Food Group Intakes among U.S. Children (2–5 Years) Differ by Family Income to Poverty Ratio, NHANES 2011–2018

Katia Fadeyev, Sayaka Nagao-Sato and Marla Reicks
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Katia Fadeyev: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55304, USA
Sayaka Nagao-Sato: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55304, USA
Marla Reicks: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55304, USA

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 22, 1-10

Abstract: Family income may influence nutrient and food group intakes among preschool children, thus increasing risk of nutrient deficiencies. This study compared nutrient and food group intakes and diet quality among a U.S. sample of children 2–5 years of age by family income to poverty ratio (PIR) based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011–2018) data ( n = 2249). Regression analyses were used to compare dietary intakes based on proxy-reported 24-h dietary recalls and Healthy Eating Index-2015 total scores by low PIR versus mid-high PIR levels adjusted for covariates. PIR levels varied by child race/ethnicity and household reference person’s sex, marital status, and education. More than half of the children in the low PIR group (56%) were reported to have received WIC benefits in the past year. Marginally lower calcium ( p = 0.008) and lower fiber intakes, lower total HEI-2015 scores, and lower intakes of fruits and whole grain foods (all p < 0.007) were observed among children in low PIR households compared to mid-high PIR households. However, iron intakes were higher ( p = 0.0003) among children in low PIR households compared to mid-high PIR households. Lack of other differences in nutrient and food group intakes may be attributable to WIC benefits.

Keywords: family income; preschool children; nutrient and food group intake; diet quality (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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