Stress/Immune Biomarkers in Saliva among Children with ADHD Status

Anna Krahel, Elzbieta Paszynska, Agnieszka Slopien, Maria Gawriolek, Justyna Otulakowska-Skrzynska, Szymon Rzatowski, Amadeusz Hernik, Tomasz Hanć, Ewa Bryl, Paula Szczesniewska, Karolina Bilska, Joanna Duda, Marta Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor and Monika Dmitrzak-Weglarz
Additional contact information
Anna Krahel: Department of Integrated Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
Elzbieta Paszynska: Department of Integrated Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
Agnieszka Slopien: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
Maria Gawriolek: Department of Integrated Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
Justyna Otulakowska-Skrzynska: Department of Integrated Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
Szymon Rzatowski: Department of Integrated Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
Amadeusz Hernik: Department of Integrated Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
Tomasz Hanć: Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
Ewa Bryl: Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
Paula Szczesniewska: Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
Karolina Bilska: Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
Joanna Duda: Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
Marta Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
Monika Dmitrzak-Weglarz: Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 2, 1-11

Abstract: Background . This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate stress and immune biomarkers in saliva samples of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD compared to healthy non-ADHD children. Material and methods . A total of 132 children under 11 years old (8.5 ± 1.1) enrolled in a cross-sectional study: with confirmed ADHD (n = 60) and healthy controls (n = 72). The clinical evaluation included physical measurements (height, waist, hip circumference, body weight, body mass index BMI, BMI z-score) and unstimulated saliva collection and measurements of free cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), and secreted immunoglobulins (sIgA, IgG, and IgM) with quantitative assay (ELISA) analysis. Unpaired t -test, Welch test, or Mann–Whitney U test were applied for group comparisons when appropriate, and the correlation between variables was analyzed with Spearman’s rank coefficient. Results were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results . In the ADHD group, body weight ( p ≤ 0.01), BMI ( p ≤ 0.009), and hip circumference ( p ≤ 0.001) significantly differed, while waist size and BMI z-score did not ( p > 0.05). Significant elevation of the salivary sAA ( p = 0.03), sIgA ( p = 0.02), and IgM ( p ≤ 0.001) biomarkers were detected, without differences in the morning cortisol ( p > 0.05). Significant correlations between cortisol and BMI, hip size, and IgA, as well as between IgG and sAA and IgA were obtained. Conclusions. Saliva can be used to monitor ADHD status with regard to biomarkers indicating the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, as HPA axis, and sympathetic activity. The results indicate that morning collection of saliva in contrast to unchanged salivary cortisol, may evaluate mentioned above system dysregulations by measurements of sAA and immunoglobulins among ADHD children.

Keywords: ADHD; saliva; cortisol; alpha-amylase; IgA; IgG; IgM; overweight (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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