Mild to Severe Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19: Cases Reports

Gabriele Melegari, Veronica Rivi, Gabriele Zelent, Vincenzo Nasillo, Elena De Santis, Alessandra Melegari, Claudia Bevilacqua, Michele Zoli, Stefano Meletti and Alberto Barbieri
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Gabriele Melegari: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy
Veronica Rivi: Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Neuroscience Post Graduate School, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
Gabriele Zelent: Neuroradiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy
Vincenzo Nasillo: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, 41125 Modena, Italy
Elena De Santis: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, 41125 Modena, Italy
Alessandra Melegari: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, 41125 Modena, Italy
Claudia Bevilacqua: School of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
Michele Zoli: Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Neuroscience Post Graduate School, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
Stefano Meletti: Neurology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy
Alberto Barbieri: School of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 7, 1-10

Abstract: The main focus of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is pulmonary complications through virus-related neurological manifestations, ranging from mild to severe, such as encephalitis, cerebral thrombosis, neurocognitive (dementia-like) syndrome, and delirium. The hospital screening procedures for quickly recognizing neurological manifestations of COVID-19 are often complicated by other coexisting symptoms and can be obscured by the deep sedation procedures required for critically ill patients. Here, we present two different case-reports of COVID-19 patients, describing neurological complications, diagnostic imaging such as olfactory bulb damage (a mild and unclear underestimated complication) and a severe and sudden thrombotic stroke complicated with hemorrhage with a low-level cytokine storm and respiratory symptom resolution. We discuss the possible mechanisms of virus entrance, together with the causes of COVID-19-related encephalitis, olfactory bulb damage, ischemic stroke, and intracranial hemorrhage.

Keywords: COVID-19 outbreak; anosmia; encephalitis thrombosis; intensive care unit (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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