Second-Hand Smoke and Its Synergistic Effect with a Body-Mass Index of >24.9 kg/m 2 Increase the Risk of Gout Arthritis in Indonesia

Maria Dyah Kurniasari, Ferry Fredy Karwur, Rosiana Eva Rayanti, Edi Dharmana, Yohanes Andy Rias, Kuei Ru Chou and Hsiu-Ting Tsai
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Maria Dyah Kurniasari: School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Wu-Xing Street, No 250, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan
Ferry Fredy Karwur: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana, Diponegoro Street, No 52-60, Salatiga City 50711, Indonesia
Rosiana Eva Rayanti: Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana, Diponegoro Street, No 52-60, Salatiga City 50711, Indonesia
Edi Dharmana: Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Prof. Sudarto Street, No.13, Semarang City 50275, Indonesia
Yohanes Andy Rias: Faculty of Health and Medicine, Institut Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Wiyata Kediri, College of Nursing, KH Wachid Hasyim Street, No.65, Kediri City 64114, Indonesia
Kuei Ru Chou: School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Wu-Xing Street, No 250, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan
Hsiu-Ting Tsai: School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Wu-Xing Street, No 250, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 8, 1-15

Abstract: To analyze the association between smoking status (active smoking and exposure to Second-Hand Smoking (SHS)) and the synergistic effect of smoking status and BMI with gout risk, a community-based case-control design was undertaken among 385 participants, including 304 healthy controls and 81 gout patients from seven community health services. Adjusted Odd Ratios (AORs) and 95% Confidence Interval (CIs) of gout for active smoking and SHS were 3.26 (95% CI = 1.07~9.90) and 4.67 (95% CI = 2.18~10.00) compared to non-smokers. Time-dependent manner of active smoking and SHS significantly increased gout risk with AORs and 95% CIs of 5.95 (1.41~25.03) and 10.12 (3.51~29.14). Dose-dependency of active smokers and SHS showed AORs and 95% CIs of 5.15 (1.28~20.63) and 4.37 (1.33~14.28). Smoking 20 cigarettes (one pack) per day for one year is equivalent to one pack-year. Active smoking >20 pack-year and SHS > 26.5 pack-year increased gout risk with AORs and 95% CIs of 7.18 (1.53~33.67) and 9.95 (3.64~27.22). Participants who smoked (active smoking and SHS) and with Body Mass Index (BMI) of > 24.9 kg/m 2 synergistically increased gout risk, with an AOR of 9.65 and 95% CI of 3.25~28.65, compared to BMI ? 24.9 kg/m 2 and non-smoker. Smoking status (active smoking and SHS) and the synergistic effect of smoking status and BMI increased gout risk in Indonesia.

Keywords: second-hand smoke; synergistic effect; body-mass index; gouty arthritis; Indonesian (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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