The Management of Psychomotor Agitation Associated with Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder: A Brief Review

Maurizio Pompili, Giuseppe Ducci, Alessandro Galluzzo, Gianluca Rosso, Claudia Palumbo and Domenico De Berardis
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Maurizio Pompili: Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
Giuseppe Ducci: Mental Health Department, ASL Roma 1, 00193 Rome, Italy
Alessandro Galluzzo: Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
Gianluca Rosso: Psychiatric Unit, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, 10043 Torino, Italy
Claudia Palumbo: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII-Bergamo, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
Domenico De Berardis: Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital “G. Mazzini”, National Health Service (NHS), ASL 4 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 8, 1-14

Abstract: The early and correct assessment of psychomotor agitation (PMA) is essential to ensure prompt intervention by healthcare professionals to improve the patient’s condition, protect healthcare staff, and facilitate future management. Proper training for recognizing and managing agitation in all care settings is desirable to improve patient outcomes. The best approach is one that is ethical, non-invasive, and respectful of the patient’s dignity. When deemed necessary, pharmacological interventions must be administered rapidly and avoid producing an excessive state of sedation, except in cases of severe and imminent danger to the patient or others. The purpose of this brief review is to raise awareness about best practices for the management of PMA in emergency care situations and consider the role of new pharmacological interventions in patients with agitation associated with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.

Keywords: agitation; bipolar disorder; loxapine; psychomotor agitation; schizophrenia (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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