Psychological Distress in Men during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil: The Role of the Sociodemographic Variables, Uncertainty, and Social Support

Anderson Reis de Sousa, Jules Ramon Brito Teixeira, Emanuel Missias Silva Palma, Wanderson Carneiro Moreira, Milena Bitencourt Santos, Herica Emilia Félix de Carvalho, Éric Santos Almeida, Raíssa Millena Silva Florencio, Aline Macêdo de Queiroz, Magno Conceição das Merces, Tilson Nunes Mota, Isabella Félix Meira Araújo, Josielson Costa da Silva, Sélton Diniz dos Santos, Emerson Lucas Silva Camargo, Luciano Garcia Lourenção, Richardson Augusto Rosendo da Silva, Evanilda Souza de Santana Carvalho, Iracema Lua, Sônia Barros, Tânia Maria de Araújo, Márcia Aparecida Ferreira de Oliveira, Álvaro Pereira, Wilson Abreu and Carlos Alberto da Cruz Sequeira
Additional contact information
Anderson Reis de Sousa: Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40231-300, BA, Brazil
Jules Ramon Brito Teixeira: Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44001-970, BA, Brazil
Emanuel Missias Silva Palma: Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador 40290-000, BA, Brazil
Wanderson Carneiro Moreira: Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil
Milena Bitencourt Santos: Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40231-300, BA, Brazil
Herica Emilia Félix de Carvalho: Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-902, SP, Brazil
Éric Santos Almeida: Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40231-300, BA, Brazil
Raíssa Millena Silva Florencio: Faculdade Estácio de Alagoinhas, Alagoinhas 48010-970, BA, Brazil
Aline Macêdo de Queiroz: Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
Magno Conceição das Merces: Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador 1150-000, BA, Brazil
Tilson Nunes Mota: Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, Salvador 41745-004, BA, Brazil
Isabella Félix Meira Araújo: Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40231-300, BA, Brazil
Josielson Costa da Silva: Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40231-300, BA, Brazil
Sélton Diniz dos Santos: Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44001-970, BA, Brazil
Emerson Lucas Silva Camargo: Curso de Psicologia, Campus Ribeirão, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirao Preto 11440-003, SP, Brazil
Luciano Garcia Lourenção: Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96201-900, RS, Brazil
Richardson Augusto Rosendo da Silva: Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-300, RN, Brazil
Evanilda Souza de Santana Carvalho: Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44001-970, BA, Brazil
Iracema Lua: Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110-040, BA, Brazil
Sônia Barros: Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil
Tânia Maria de Araújo: Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44001-970, BA, Brazil
Márcia Aparecida Ferreira de Oliveira: Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil
Álvaro Pereira: Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40231-300, BA, Brazil
Wilson Abreu: Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde, Escola Superior de Enfermagem do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
Carlos Alberto da Cruz Sequeira: Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde, Escola Superior de Enfermagem do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 19, issue 1, 1-19

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the relationships between sociodemographic variables, intolerance to uncertainty (INT), social support, and psychological distress (i.e., indicators of Common Mental Disorders (CMDs) and perceived stress (PS)) in Brazilian men during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study with national coverage, of the web survey type, and conducted with 1006 Brazilian men during the period of social circulation restriction imposed by the health authorities in Brazil for suppression of the coronavirus and control of the pandemic. Structural equation modeling analysis was performed. Results: Statistically significant direct effects of race/skin color (λ = 0.268; p -value < 0.001), socioeconomic status (SES) (λ = 0.306; p -value < 0.001), household composition (λ = 0.281; p -value < 0.001), PS (λ = 0.513; p -value < 0.001), and INT (λ = 0.421; p -value < 0.001) were evidenced in the occurrence of CMDs. Black-skinned men with higher SES, living alone, and with higher PS and INT levels presented higher prevalence values of CMDs. Conclusions: High levels of PS and INT were the factors that presented the strongest associations with the occurrence of CMDs among the men. It is necessary to implement actions to reduce the stress-generating sources as well as to promote an increase in resilience and the development of intrinsic reinforcements to deal with uncertain threats.

Keywords: men’s health; COVID-19; mental disorders; stress; psychological; social support (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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