Exposure to Chloramine and Chloroform in Tap Water and Adverse Perinatal Outcomes in Shanghai

Si-Meng Zhu, Cheng Li, Jing-Jing Xu, Han-Qiu Zhang, Yun-Fei Su, Yan-Ting Wu and He-Feng Huang
Additional contact information
Si-Meng Zhu: International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
Cheng Li: Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
Jing-Jing Xu: International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
Han-Qiu Zhang: International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
Yun-Fei Su: International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
Yan-Ting Wu: Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
He-Feng Huang: International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 11, 1-13

Abstract: Chloramine and chloroform are widespread in tap water due to water disinfection processes. This study was designed to explore the associations between trimester-specific exposure to chloramine and chloroform in tap water and adverse outcomes. This retrospective cohort study included 109,182 mother–infant singleton pairs in Shanghai. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the associations of chloramine and chloroform concentrations averaged over the whole pregnancy and in each trimester with adverse outcomes, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), gestational hypertensive disorders (GHD), low birthweight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA), preterm birth (PTB) and prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM). The use of tap water with elevated chloramine levels in the first trimester was associated with GDM (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.09), while that in the second trimester was related to GHD (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.17). Chloroform levels in the third trimester were associated with LBW (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.16), PTB (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.08) and PROM (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.01). However, tap water chloroform exposure in the second trimester was negatively associated with LBW (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.93, 0.98) and PTB (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.94, 0.99). In conclusion, there are probably no casual associations between current tap water chloroform and chloramine levels and perinatal outcomes. However, more research focusing on the effect of chloramine and chloroform on perinatal outcomes are still warranted.

Keywords: chloramine; chloroform; tap water; perinatal outcomes (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/11/6508/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/11/6508/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:11:p:6508-:d:825284

Access Statistics for this article

IJERPH is currently edited by Ms. Jenna Liu

More articles in IJERPH from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().