A Cross-Sectional Time Course of COVID-19 Related Worry, Perceived Stress, and General Anxiety in the Context of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder-like Symptomatology

Roger J. Mullins, Timothy J. Meeker, Paige M. Vinch, Ingrid K. Tulloch, Mark I. Saffer, Jui-Hong Chien, O. Joseph Bienvenu and Frederick A. Lenz
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Roger J. Mullins: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
Timothy J. Meeker: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
Paige M. Vinch: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
Ingrid K. Tulloch: Department of Psychology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
Mark I. Saffer: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
Jui-Hong Chien: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
O. Joseph Bienvenu: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
Frederick A. Lenz: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 12, 1-16

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic within the United States of America resulted in over 800,000 deaths as of February 2022 and has been addressed by social distancing or stay-at-home measures. Collective prolonged multimodal trauma on this scale is likely to elicit symptomatology in the general population consistent with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), somatization, anxiety, and stress. The psychological component of this response contributes substantially to the burden of this disease worldwide. This cross-sectional study examines the relationship between COVID-19-related concern, anxiety, and perceived stress on PTSD-like symptomatology over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were recruited via social media within the United States of America between 8th May 2020 and 11th August 2021 to complete an internet questionnaire including mood, personality, and COVID-19-specific scales. General anxiety and PTSD-like symptomatology were above the screening cutoffs for most respondents. These measures increased in severity over the pandemic, with the change point of our Concern scale preceding that of the other significant measures. Measures of COVID-19-related concern, generalized anxiety, and PTSD-like symptomatology were strongly correlated with each other. Anxiety, perceived stress, and PTSD-like symptomatology are strongly interrelated, increase with pandemic length, and are linked to reported levels of concern over COVID-19. These observations may aid future research and policy as the pandemic continues.

Keywords: COVID-19; post-traumatic stress disorder; survey; questionnaire; somatization (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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