Opportunistic Pathogens of Recreational Waters with Emphasis on Antimicrobial Resistance—A Possible Subject of Human Health Concern

Joanna Stec, Urszula Kosikowska, Mariola Mendrycka, Dagmara Stępień-Pyśniak, Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej, Dominika Bębnowska, Rafał Hrynkiewicz, Joanna Ziętara-Wysocka and Ewelina Grywalska
Additional contact information
Joanna Stec: Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
Urszula Kosikowska: Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
Mariola Mendrycka: Department of Nursing, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, 26-600 Radom, Poland
Dagmara Stępień-Pyśniak: Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej: Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
Dominika Bębnowska: Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
Rafał Hrynkiewicz: Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
Joanna Ziętara-Wysocka: Provincial Sanitary and Epidemiological Station in Szczecin, 71-899 Szczecin, Poland
Ewelina Grywalska: Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 12, 1-17

Abstract: Infections caused by exposure to opportunistic pathogens can cause serious health problems during recreational water use. The problem of diseases caused by microbes transmitted by water is a major public health challenge, especially in developing countries with economic problems and poor hygiene conditions. Moreover, the quality of water in natural reservoirs is often at a very low level in terms of microbiological water purity, which means that their use for recreational purposes, but also as a source of drinking water, may have serious health consequences. Recreational waters pose a threat to human health. Therefore, the quality of recreational waters is closely monitored in many jurisdictions. In this review, we summarize key information on the most common pathogens that can be water-based or waterborne. The issue of antimicrobial resistance among opportunistic pathogens remains equally important. It is important not only to fight pathogens, but also to take action to reduce chemical stressors (especially antibiotics) in the aquatic environment, and to understand the various mechanisms of the spread of antibiotic-resistant genes.

Keywords: water-derived opportunistic pathogens; water contamination; risk factor; physical activity; water users health (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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