Elbow Joint Position and Force Senses in Young and Adult Untrained People and Gymnasts

Bartłomiej Niespodziński, Jan Mieszkowski, Stanisław Sawczyn, Kazimierz Kochanowicz, Adam Szulc, Mariusz Zasada and Andrzej Kochanowicz
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Bartłomiej Niespodziński: Department of Biological Foundations of Physical Education, Institute of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, Sportowa 2, 85-091 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Jan Mieszkowski: Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
Stanisław Sawczyn: Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
Kazimierz Kochanowicz: Department of Theory of Sport, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
Adam Szulc: Department of Biological Foundations of Physical Education, Institute of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, Sportowa 2, 85-091 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Mariusz Zasada: Department of Biological Foundations of Physical Education, Institute of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, Sportowa 2, 85-091 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Andrzej Kochanowicz: Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 13, 1-12

Abstract: Joint position (JPS) and force senses (FS) are the proprioception modalities. While the development of JPS was investigated both in children/adult and athlete/untrained conditions, there is a lack of insight into the development of FS. Overall, 28 gymnasts and 25 untrained controls underwent proprioception testing. They were divided into two groups: 9 to 11-year-old boys (13 gymnasts and 10 non-athletes) and 18 to 25-year-old adults (15 gymnasts and 15 non-athletes). The testing was performed at an isokinetic dynamometer and included elbow JPS and FS (20% and 50% maximal voluntary contraction) tasks. Children had two times higher error in JPS ( p < 0.01) and 50% higher errors in FS of both flexor ( p < 0.001) and extensor muscles ( p < 0.05) in comparison with adults. Only in the 50% maximal voluntary contraction task, gymnasts showed 33% lower error than the controls ( p < 0.01). Untrained boys presented 54%, 132%, and 169% higher error for elbow flexor performance than young gymnasts, untrained adults, and adult gymnasts, respectively ( p < 0.01). The 9 to 11-year-old participants were characterized by a lower precision of JPS and FS performance in comparison with adults. Gymnastic training can possibly accelerate the development of FS when higher loads are considered.

Keywords: sense of force; proprioception; training; artistic gymnastics (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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