The Evolution of Effort-Reward Imbalance in Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in France—An Observational Study in More than 8000 Workers

Louis Delamarre, Salma Tannous, Ines Lakbar, Sébastien Couarraze, Bruno Pereira, Marc Leone, Fouad Marhar, Julien S. Baker, Reza Bagheri, Mickael Berton, Hana Rabbouch, Marek Zak, Tomasz Sikorski, Magdalena Wasik, Hijrah Nasir, Binh Quach, Jiao Jiao, Raimundo Aviles, Network Covistress, Maëlys Clinchamps and Fréderic Dutheil
Additional contact information
Louis Delamarre: LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
Salma Tannous: LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
Ines Lakbar: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Marseille, Hopital Nord, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13015 Marseille, France
Sébastien Couarraze: Pôle Régional d’Enseignement et de Formation aux Métiers de la Santé, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31000 Toulouse, France
Bruno Pereira: Direction de la Recherche Clinique et de l’Innovation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
Marc Leone: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Marseille, Hopital Nord, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13015 Marseille, France
Fouad Marhar: LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
Julien S. Baker: Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
Reza Bagheri: Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
Mickael Berton: LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
Hana Rabbouch: Institut Supérieur de Gestion de Tunis, Université de Tunis, Tunis 2000, Tunisia
Marek Zak: The Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, ul. Zeromskiego 5, 25-369 Kielce, Poland
Tomasz Sikorski: Doctoral School, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Zeromskiego 5, 25-369 Kielce, Poland
Magdalena Wasik: Doctoral School, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Zeromskiego 5, 25-369 Kielce, Poland
Hijrah Nasir: Department of Economic Development, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
Binh Quach: Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
Jiao Jiao: Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
Raimundo Aviles: Universidad Finis-Terrae, El-Carmen, Hospital Dr. Luis-Valentìn-Ferrada, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maipù 5641235, Chile
Network Covistress: The COVISTRESS: Pr. Frédéric Dutheil. Maëlys Clinchamps, Stéphanie Mestres, Cécile Miele, Valentin Navel, Lénise Parreira, Bruno Pereira, Karine Rouffiac—CHU Clermont-Ferrand, France; Yves Boirie, Jean-Baptiste Bouillon-Minois, Martine Duclos, Maria Livia Fantini, Jeannot Schmidt, Stéphanie Tubert-Jeannin—Université Clermont Auvergne/CHU Clermont-Ferrand, France; Mickael Berthon, Pierre Chausse, Michael Dambrun, Sylvie Droit-Volet, Julien Guegan, Serge Guimond, Laurie Mondillon, Armelle Nugier, Pascal Huguet—Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, France; Samuel Dewavrin—WittyFit, France; Sébastien Couarraze, Louis Delamarre, Fouad Marhar—CHU Toulouse, France; Geraldine Naughton, Amanda Benson—Swinburne University, Australia; Claus Lamm—University of Vienna, Austria; Karen Gbaglo, Ministery of Health; Vicky Drapeau—Université de Laval, Canada; Raimundo Avilés Dorlhiac—Universidad Finis Terrae, Chile; Benjamin Bustos—Universidad de Los Andes, Chile; Gu Yaodong—Ningbo University, China; Haifeng Zhang—Hebei Normal University, China; Peter Dieckmann—Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Denmark; Julien Baker, Yanping Duan, Yang Gemma Gao, Yajun Wendy Huang, Jiao Jiao, Binh Quach, Chunqing Zhang, Hong Kong Baptist University, China; Hijrah Nasir, Indonesia; Perluigi Cocco, Rosamaria Lecca, Monica Puligheddu, Michela Figorilli, Università di Cagliari, Italia ; Morteza Charkhabi, Reza Bagheri—University of Isfahan, Iran; Daniela Pfabigan—University of Oslo, Norway; Peter Dieckmann, University of Stavanger, Norway; Marek Zak, Tomasz Sikorski, Magdalena Wasik, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Collegium Medicum, The Institute of Health Sciences, Kielce, Poland; Samuel Antunes, David Neto, Pedro Almeida—Ordem dos Psicólogos Portugueses, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Portugal; Maria João Gouveia—ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Portugal; Pedro Quinteiro—William James Center for Research, ISPA-Instituto Universitário; Constanta Urzeala—UNEFS, Romania; Benoit Dubuis—UNIGE, Switzerland; Juliette Lemaignen—Fondation INARTIS, Switzerland; Kuan-Chou Chen, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taiwan; Andy Su-I Liu—University of Taipei, Taiwan; Foued Saadaoui, King Abdulaziz University, Tunisia; Ukadike C Ugbolue, University of the West of Scotland, United Kingdom; Keri Kulik—Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA.
Maëlys Clinchamps: LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
Fréderic Dutheil: LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 15, 1-13

Abstract: (1) Background: The effects of lockdown repetition on work-related stress, expressed through Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI), during the COVID-19 pandemic are poorly documented. We investigated the effect of repetitive lockdowns on the ERI in French workers, its difference across occupations, and the change in its influencing factors across time. (2) Methods: Participants were included in a prospective cross-sectional observational study from 30 March 2020 to 28 May 2021. The primary outcome was the ERI score (visual analog scale). The ERI score of the population was examined via Generalized Estimating Equations. For each period, the factors influencing ERI were studied by multivariate linear regression. (3) Results: In 8121 participants, the ERI score decreased in the first 2 lockdowns (53.2 ± 0.3, p < 0.001; 50.5 ± 0.7, p < 0.001) and after lockdown 2 (54.8 ± 0.8, p = 0.004) compared with the pre-pandemic period (59 ± 0.4). ERI was higher in medical than in paramedical professionals in the pre-pandemic and the first 2 lockdowns. Higher workloads were associated with better ERI scores. (4) Conclusions: In a large French sample, Effort-Reward Imbalance worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic until the end of the 2nd lockdown. Paramedical professionals experienced a higher burden of stress compared with medical professionals.

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; France; work-related stress; Siegrist’s framework; lockdowns (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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