Assessment of Anti-Bacterial Effectiveness of Hand Sanitizers Commonly Used in South Africa

Lufuno Muleba, Renay Van Wyk, Jennifer Pienaar, Edith Ratshikhopha and Tanusha Singh
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Lufuno Muleba: National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
Renay Van Wyk: Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
Jennifer Pienaar: Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
Edith Ratshikhopha: National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
Tanusha Singh: National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 15, 1-10

Abstract: Hand sanitizers are used as an alternative to hand washing to reduce the number of viable microorganisms when soap and water are not readily available. This study aimed to investigate the anti-bacterial effectiveness of commercially available hand sanitizers and those commonly used in healthcare and community settings. A mapping exercise was done to select and procure different hand sanitizers ( n = 18) from retailers. Five microorganisms implicated in hospital-acquired infections were selected and tested against each hand sanitizer: Escherichia coli , Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Staphylococcus aureus . Twenty-one volunteers were recruited to do a handprint before and after applying the hand sanitizer. Only four out of eighteen hand sanitizers (22%) were effective against all tested bacterial species, and an equal number (22%) were completely ineffective. Seven hand sanitizers with a label claim of 99.99% were only effective against E. coli . Only five hand sanitizers (27%) effectively reduced bacteria on participants’ hands. This study showed that only a fifth of hand sanitizers were effective against selected microorganisms. The findings raise a concern about the effectiveness of hand sanitizers and their role in infection, prevention, and control if not well regulated.

Keywords: hand disinfectants; microorganisms; hospital-acquired infection; infection prevention and control; precautionary measures; hand hygiene (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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