The Role of Novel Bladder Cancer Diagnostic and Surveillance Biomarkers—What Should a Urologist Really Know?

Rafaela Malinaric (), Guglielmo Mantica, Lorenzo Lo Monaco, Federico Mariano, Rosario Leonardi, Alchiede Simonato, André Van der Merwe and Carlo Terrone
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Rafaela Malinaric: Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinic Hospital San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
Guglielmo Mantica: Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinic Hospital San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
Lorenzo Lo Monaco: Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinic Hospital San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
Federico Mariano: Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinic Hospital San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
Rosario Leonardi: Department of Urology, Casa di Cura Musumeci GECAS, 95030 Gravina di Catania, Italy
Alchiede Simonato: Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
André Van der Merwe: Department of Urology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7600, South Africa
Carlo Terrone: Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinic Hospital San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 15, 1-20

Abstract: The aim of this review is to analyze and describe the current landscape of bladder cancer diagnostic and surveillance biomarkers. We researched the literature from 2016 to November 2021 to find the most promising new molecules and divided them into seven different subgroups based on their function and location in the cell. Although cystoscopy and cytology are still the gold standard for diagnosis and surveillance when it comes to bladder cancer (BCa), their cost is quite a burden for national health systems worldwide. Currently, the research is focused on finding a biomarker that has high negative predictive value (NPV) and can exclude with a certainty the presence of the tumor, considering missing it could be disastrous for the patient. Every subgroup has its own advantages and disadvantages; for example, protein biomarkers cost less than genomic ones, but on the other hand, they seem to be less precise. We tried to simplify this complicated topic as much as possible in order to make it comprehensible to doctors and urologists that are not as familiar with it, as well as encourage them to actively participate in ongoing research.

Keywords: bladder cancer; biomarkers; diagnosis; surveillance (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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