Channeled PM 10, PM 2.5 and PM 1 Emission Factors Associated with the Ceramic Process and Abatement Technologies

Irina Celades (), Vicenta Sanfelix, Ana López-Lilao, Salvador Gomar, Alberto Escrig, Eliseo Monfort and Xavier Querol
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Irina Celades: Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC-AICE), University Jaume I, Campus Universitario Riu Sec, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12006 Castellón, Spain
Vicenta Sanfelix: Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC-AICE), University Jaume I, Campus Universitario Riu Sec, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12006 Castellón, Spain
Ana López-Lilao: Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC-AICE), University Jaume I, Campus Universitario Riu Sec, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12006 Castellón, Spain
Salvador Gomar: Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC-AICE), University Jaume I, Campus Universitario Riu Sec, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12006 Castellón, Spain
Alberto Escrig: Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC-AICE), University Jaume I, Campus Universitario Riu Sec, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12006 Castellón, Spain
Eliseo Monfort: Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC-AICE), University Jaume I, Campus Universitario Riu Sec, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12006 Castellón, Spain
Xavier Querol: Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 15, 1-20

Abstract: A sampling methodology and a mathematical data treatment were developed that enable to determine not only total suspended particulates (TSP) emitted at channeled sources but also the PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and PM 1 mass fractions (w 10 , w 2.5 , and w 1 ) and emission factors (E.F.), using a seven-stage cascade impactor. Moreover, a chemical analysis was performed to identify the elements present in these emissions. The proposed methodology was applied to different stages of the ceramic process, including ambient temperature (milling, shaping, glazing) and medium–high-temperature (spray-drying, drying, firing, and frit melting) stages. In total, more than 100 measurements were performed (pilot scale and industrial scale), which leads to a measurement time of 1500 h. Related to the mass fractions, in general, the mean values of w 10 after the fabric filters operated at high performance are high and with little dispersion (75–85%), and it is also observed that they are practically independent of the stage considered, i.e., they are not significantly dependent on the initial PSD of the stream to be treated. In the case of the fine fraction w 2.5 , the behavior is more complex (w 2.5 : 30–60%), probably because the only variable is not the cleaning system, but also the nature of the processed material. Regarding abatement measures, the use of high-efficiency cleaning systems considerably reduces the emission factors obtained for fractions PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and PM 1 . In reference to chemical analysis, the presence of ZrO 2 and Ni in the spray-drying and pressing stages, the significant concentration of ZrO 2 in the glazing stage, the presence of Pb, As, and Zn in the firing stage, and the presence of Zn, Pb, Cd, and As compounds in the frits manufacturing should all be highlighted. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that the use of some compounds, such as cadmium and lead, has been very limited in the last years and, therefore, presumably, the presence of these elements in the emissions should have been also reduced in the same way.

Keywords: channeled emission; emission factor; particulate matter; abatement technology; ceramic industry; PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and PM 1 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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