Self-Reported Periodontal Disease and Its Association with SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Israel Guardado-Luevanos, Ronell Bologna-Molina, José Sergio Zepeda-Nuño, Mario Isiordia-Espinoza, Nelly Molina-Frechero, Rogelio González-González, Mauricio Pérez-Pérez and Sandra López-Verdín ()
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Israel Guardado-Luevanos: Postgraduate in Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, Mexico
Ronell Bologna-Molina: Molecular Pathology Area, Faculty of Dentistry, Montevideo Republic University, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay
José Sergio Zepeda-Nuño: Microbiology and Pathology Department, Pathology Laboratory, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, Mexico
Mario Isiordia-Espinoza: Clinical Department, Biomedical Science Division, Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, Mexico
Nelly Molina-Frechero: Health Care Department, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Mexico City 14387, Mexico
Rogelio González-González: Research Department, School of Dentistry, Juarez University of the State of Durango, Durango 34100, Mexico
Mauricio Pérez-Pérez: Periodontology Postgraduate, Comprehensive Dental Clinics Department, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, Mexico
Sandra López-Verdín: Research Institute of Dentistry, Comprehensive Dental Clinics Department, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, Mexico

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 16, 1-9

Abstract: Introduction : Knowledge of the oral manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, the new coronavirus causing the COVID-19 pandemic, was hindered due to the restrictions issued to avoid proximity between people and to stop the rapid spread of the disease, which ultimately results in a hyperinflammatory cytokine storm that can cause death. Because periodontal disease is one of the most frequent inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, various theories have emerged postulating periodontal disease as a risk factor for developing severe complications associated with COVID-19. This motivated various studies to integrate questions related to periodontal status. For the present work, we used a previously validated self-report, which is a useful tool for facilitating epidemiological studies of periodontal disease on a large scale. Methodology : A blinded case-control study with participants matched 1:1 by mean age (37.7 years), sex, tobacco habits and diseases was conducted. After the diagnostic samples for SARS-CoV-2 detection were taken in an ad hoc location at Guadalajara University, the subjects were interviewed using structured questionnaires to gather demographic, epidemiological and COVID-19 symptom information. The self-reported periodontal disease (Self-RPD) questionnaire included six questions, and subjects who met the criteria with a score ≥ 2 were considered to have periodontal disease. Results : In total, 369 participants were recruited, with 117 participants included in each group. After indicating the subjects who had self-reported periodontal disease, a statistically significant difference ( p value ≤ 0.001) was observed, showing that self-reported periodontal disease (n = 95, 85.1%) was higher in SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals than in controls (n = 66, 56.4%), with an OR of 3.3 (1.8–6.0) for SARS-CoV-2 infection in people with self-reported periodontal disease. Cases reported a statistically higher median of symptoms (median = 7.0, Q 1 = 5.5, Q 3 = 10.0) than controls ( p value ≤ 0.01), and cases with positive self-RPD had a significantly ( p value ≤ 0.05) higher number of symptoms (median = 8.0, Q 1 = 6.0, Q 3 = 10.0) in comparison with those who did negative self-RPD (median = 6.0, Q 1 = 5.0, Q 3 = 8.0). Conclusions : According to this study, self-reported periodontal disease could be considered a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection, and these individuals present more symptoms.

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; self-report; periodontal disease; case-control studies; COVID-19 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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