Biodegradation of Azo Dye Methyl Red by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Optimization of Process Conditions

Muhammad Ikram, Mohammad Naeem, Muhammad Zahoor (), Abdur Rahim, Marlia Mohd Hanafiah, Adeleke Abdulrahman Oyekanmi, Abdul Bari Shah, Mater H. Mahnashi, Amer Al Ali, Naif A. Jalal, Farkad Bantun and Abdul Sadiq
Additional contact information
Muhammad Ikram: Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
Mohammad Naeem: Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
Muhammad Zahoor: Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand at Chakdara, Chakdara 18800, Dir Lower Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Abdur Rahim: Department of Zoology, University of Malakand at Chakdara, Chakdara 18800, Dir Lower Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Marlia Mohd Hanafiah: Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Adeleke Abdulrahman Oyekanmi: Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Abdul Bari Shah: Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
Mater H. Mahnashi: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 66462, Saudi Arabia
Amer Al Ali: Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, 255, Al Nakhil, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia
Naif A. Jalal: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
Farkad Bantun: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
Abdul Sadiq: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Dir Lower Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 16, 1-28

Abstract: Water pollution due to textile dyes is a serious threat to every life form. Bacteria can degrade and detoxify toxic dyes present in textile effluents and wastewater. The present study aimed to evaluate the degradation potential of eleven bacterial strains for azo dye methyl red. The optimum degradation efficiency was obtained using P. aeruginosa . It was found from initial screening results that P. aeruginosa is the most potent strain with 81.49% degradation activity and hence it was subsequently used in other degradation experiments. To optimize the degradation conditions, a number of experiments were conducted where only one variable was varied at a time and where maximum degradation was observed at 20 ppm dye concentration, 1666.67 mg/L glucose concentration, 666.66 mg/L sodium chloride concentration, pH 9, temperature 40 °C, 1000 mg/L urea concentration, 3 days incubation period, and 66.66 mg/L hydroquinone (redox mediator). The interactive effect of pH, incubation time, temperature, and dye concentration in a second-order quadratic optimization of process conditions was found to further enhance the biodegradation efficiency of P. aeruginosa by 88.37%. The metabolites of the aliquot mixture of the optimized conditions were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), GC-MS, proton, and carbon 13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques. FTIR results confirmed the reduction of the azo bond of methyl red. The Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) results revealed that the degraded dye contains benzoic acid and o-xylene as the predominant constituents. Even benzoic acid was isolated from the silica gel column and identified by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. These results indicated that P. aeruginosa can be utilized as an efficient strain for the detoxification and remediation of industrial wastewater containing methyl red and other azo dyes.

Keywords: biodegradation; methyl red; P. aeruginosa; wastewater; textile dyes (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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