Effects of pH and Metal Ions on the Hydrothermal Treatment of Penicillin: Kinetic, Pathway, and Antibacterial Activity

Qiaopan Zhang, Dongze Niu, Shensheng Ni, Wenying An, Chunyu Li, Taoli Huhe (), Chongqing Wang, Xingmei Jiang and Jianjun Ren ()
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Qiaopan Zhang: Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
Dongze Niu: Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
Shensheng Ni: Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
Wenying An: Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
Chunyu Li: Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
Taoli Huhe: Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
Chongqing Wang: Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100101, China
Xingmei Jiang: Bijie Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Bijie 551700, China
Jianjun Ren: Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 17, 1-14

Abstract: Antibiotic residues lead to the risk of resistance gene enrichment, which is the main reason why penicillin mycelial dreg (PMD) is defined as hazardous waste. Hydrothermal treatment (HT) is an effective method to treat penicillin mycelial dreg, but the degradation mechanism of penicillin is unclear. In the study, we researched the effects of pH (4–10) at 80–100 °C and metal ions (Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Cu 2+ , and Zn 2+ ) at several concentrations on the HT of penicillin, identified the degradation products (DPs) under different conditions, and evaluated the antibacterial activity of hydrothermally treated samples. The results show that penicillin degradation kinetics highly consistent with pseudo-first-order model (R 2 = 0.9447–0.9999). The degradation rates ( k ) at pH = 4, 7, and 10 were 0.1603, 0.0039, and 0.0485 min −1 , indicating acidic conditions were more conducive to penicillin degradation. Among the four tested metal ions, Zn 2+ had the most significant catalytic effect. Adding 5 mg·L −1 Zn 2+ caused 100% degradation rate at pH = 7 after HT for 60 min. Six degradation products (DPs) with low mass-to-charge ( m / z ≤ 335) were detected under acidic condition. However, only two and three DPs were observed in the samples catalyzed by Zn 2+ and alkali, respectively, and penilloic acid ( m / z = 309) was the main DPs under these conditions. Furthermore, no antibacterial activity to Bacillus pumilus was detected in the medium with up to 50% addition of the treated samples under acidic condition. Even though acid, alkali, and some metal ions can improve the degradation ability of penicillin, it was found that the most effective way for removing its anti-bacterial activity was under the acidic condition. Therefore, resistance residue indicates the amount of additive in the process of resource utilization, and avoids the enrichment of resistance genes.

Keywords: penicillin; hydrothermal treatment; degradation products; antibacterial activity; kinetics (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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