Implementation and Effectiveness of Policies Adopted to Enable Breastfeeding in the Philippines Are Limited by Structural and Individual Barriers

Jyn Allec R. Samaniego, Cherry C. Maramag, Mary Christine Castro, Paul Zambrano, Tuan T. Nguyen, Janice Datu-Sanguyo (), Jennifer Cashin, Roger Mathisen and Amy Weissman
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Jyn Allec R. Samaniego: Nutrition Center of the Philippines, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines
Cherry C. Maramag: Nutrition Center of the Philippines, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines
Mary Christine Castro: Nutrition Center of the Philippines, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines
Paul Zambrano: Alive & Thrive Southeast Asia, FHI 360, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
Tuan T. Nguyen: Alive & Thrive Southeast Asia, FHI 360, Hanoi 11022, Vietnam
Janice Datu-Sanguyo: Alive & Thrive Southeast Asia, FHI 360, Muntinlupa City 1770, Philippines
Jennifer Cashin: Alive & Thrive Southeast Asia, FHI 360, Washington, DC 20009, USA
Roger Mathisen: Alive & Thrive Southeast Asia, FHI 360, Hanoi 11022, Vietnam
Amy Weissman: Asia Pacific Regional Office, FHI 360, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 17, 1-31

Abstract: The Philippines has adopted policies to protect, promote, and support breastfeeding on par with global standards, yet the impact of these policies is not well understood. This study assesses the adequacy and potential impact of breastfeeding policies, as well as the perceptions of stakeholders of their effectiveness and how to address implementation barriers. This mixed methods study entailed a desk review of policies and documents and in-depth interviews with 100 caregivers, employees, employers, health workers, and policymakers in the Greater Manila Area. Although the Philippines has a comprehensive breastfeeding policy framework, its effectiveness was limited by structural and individual barriers. Structural barriers included inconsistent breastfeeding promotion, limited access of mothers to skilled counseling, limited workplace breastfeeding support, gaps in legal provisions, weak monitoring and enforcement of the Philippine Milk Code, and the short duration and limited coverage of maternity leave. Individual barriers included knowledge and skills gaps, misconceptions, and low self-confidence among mothers due to insufficient support to address breastfeeding problems, misconceptions in the community that undermine breastfeeding, limited knowledge and skills of health workers, and insufficient support extended to mothers by household members. Breastfeeding policies in the Philippines are consistent with global standards, but actions to address structural and individual barriers are needed to enhance their effectiveness for improving breastfeeding practices.

Keywords: breastfeeding policy; maternity protection; mother- and baby-friendly hospital initiative; mixed methods study; Philippines; the Code (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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