Comparison of Whole Salivary Cortisol and Interleukin 1-Beta Levels in Light Cigarette-Smokers and Users of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems before and after Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy

Abdulkareem A. Alhumaidan, Khulud A. Al-Aali, Fahim Vohra, Fawad Javed () and Tariq Abduljabbar
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Abdulkareem A. Alhumaidan: Preventive Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
Khulud A. Al-Aali: Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
Fahim Vohra: Prosthetic Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
Fawad Javed: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
Tariq Abduljabbar: Prosthetic Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 18, 1-10

Abstract: There are no studies that have compared whole salivary cortisol (CL) and interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) levels in cigarette-smokers (CS) and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS)-users before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). The aim was to compare whole salivary CL and IL-1β levels in light CS and ENDS users before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). Self-reported current CS, ENDS users, and non-smokers were included. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic data. All patients underwent NSPT. Periodontal parameters (probing depth (PD], gingival index (GI], clinical attachment loss (AL], plaque index (PI], and marginal bone loss (MBL]) and whole salivary CL and IL-1β were measured at baseline. At 3-months of follow-up, clinical parameters and whole salivary CL and IL-1β were re-assessed. p -values < 1% were arbitrated as statistically significant. Fifty-four individuals (18 CS, 18 ENDS users, and 18 non-smokers) were included. Clinical AL, MT, PD, PI, and MBL were similar in all groups at baseline. At 12-weeks of follow-up, PI ( p < 0.01) and PD ( p < 0.01) were high in CS and ENDS-users than non-smokers. Among non-smokers, there was a statistically significant correlation between whole salivary cortisol and IL-1β levels at 12-weeks’ follow-up ( p < 0.001). There was no difference in whole salivary cortisol and IL-1β levels in CS and ENDS users at baseline and at 12-weeks follow-up. At 12-weeks of follow-up, there was a significant reduction in IL-1β ( p < 0.01) and CL ( p < 0.01) than baseline. In light CS and ENDS users without periodontal disease, clinical periodontal parameters and whole-salivary CL and Il-1β levels remain unchanged after NSPT.

Keywords: cortisol; electronic nicotine delivery systems; interleukin; periodontal disease; smoking; unstimulated whole saliva (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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