Cost of Illness Analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Findings from a Lower-Middle Income Country

Muhammad Daoud Butt, Siew Chin Ong (), Muhammad Umar Wahab, Muhammad Fawad Rasool, Fahad Saleem, Adnan Hashmi, Ahsan Sajjad, Furqan Aslam Chaudhry and Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar
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Muhammad Daoud Butt: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
Siew Chin Ong: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
Muhammad Umar Wahab: Consultant Diabetologist, Umar Diabetes and Foot Care Centre, Umar Diabetes Foundation, Office 1, Executive Complex, G8 Markaz, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan
Muhammad Fawad Rasool: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
Fahad Saleem: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of Baluchistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
Adnan Hashmi: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
Ahsan Sajjad: Consultant Diabetologist, Umar Diabetes and Foot Care Centre, Umar Diabetes Foundation, Office 1, Executive Complex, G8 Markaz, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan
Furqan Aslam Chaudhry: Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar: Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 19, 1-15

Abstract: Background: Diabetes is a major chronic illness that negatively influences individuals and society. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze and evaluate the cost associated with diabetes management, specific to the Pakistani Type 2 diabetes population. Research scheme and methods: A survey randomly collected information and data from diabetes patients throughout Pakistan out-patient clinics. Direct and indirect costs were evaluated, and data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: An overall of 1839 diabetes patients participated in the study. The results have shown that direct and indirect costs are positively associated with the participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, except for household income and educational status. The annual total cost of diabetes care was USD 740.1, amongst which the share of the direct cost was USD 646.7, and the indirect cost was USD 93.65. Most direct costs comprised medicine (USD 274.5) and hospitalization (USD 319.7). In contrast, the productivity loss of the patients had the highest contribution to the indirect cost (USD 81.36). Conclusion: This study showed that direct costs significantly contributed to diabetes’s overall cost in Pakistan and overall diabetes management estimated to be 1.67% (USD 24.42 billion) of the country’s total gross domestic product. The expense of medications and hospitalization mostly drove the direct cost. Additionally, patients’ loss of productivity contributed significantly to the indirect cost. It is high time for healthcare policymakers to address this huge healthcare burden. It is time to develop a thorough diabetes management plan to be implemented nationwide.

Keywords: cost of illness; diabetes mellitus; direct cost; indirect cost; diabetes in Pakistan; diabetes economic burden (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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