Factors Associated with Online Hate Acceptance: A Cross-National Six-Country Study among Young Adults

Magdalena Celuch, Atte Oksanen, Pekka Räsänen, Matthew Costello, Catherine Blaya, Izabela Zych, Vicente J. Llorent, Ashley Reichelmann and James Hawdon
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Magdalena Celuch: Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
Atte Oksanen: Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
Pekka Räsänen: Economic Sociology, Department of Social Research, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
Matthew Costello: Department of Sociology, Anthropology & Criminal Justice, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29643, USA
Catherine Blaya: URMIS—The Migrations and Society Research Unit (CNRS 8245-IMR IRD 205), Université Côte d’Azur, 06046 Nice, France
Izabela Zych: Department of Psychology, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
Vicente J. Llorent: Department of Education, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
Ashley Reichelmann: Department of Sociology, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
James Hawdon: Department of Sociology, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 1, 1-13

Abstract: The Internet, specifically social media, is among the most common settings where young people encounter hate speech. Understanding their attitudes toward the phenomenon is crucial for combatting it because acceptance of such content could contribute to furthering the spread of hate speech as well as ideology contamination. The present study, theoretically grounded in the General Aggression Model (GAM), investigates factors associated with online hate acceptance among young adults. We collected survey data from participants aged 18–26 from six countries: Finland ( n = 483), France ( n = 907), Poland ( n = 738), Spain ( n = 739), the United Kingdom ( n = 959), and the United States ( n = 1052). Results based on linear regression modeling showed that acceptance of online hate was strongly associated with acceptance of violence in all samples. In addition, participants who admitted to producing online hate reported higher levels of acceptance of it. Moreover, association with social dominance orientation was found in most of the samples. Other sample-specific significant factors included participants’ experiences with the Internet and online hate, as well as empathy and institutional trust levels. Significant differences in online hate acceptance levels and the strength of its connections to individual factors were found between the countries. These results provide important insights into the phenomenon, demonstrating that online hate acceptance is part of a larger belief system and is influenced by cultural background, and, therefore, it cannot be analyzed or combatted in isolation from these factors.

Keywords: online hate; Internet; young adults; empathy; social dominance orientation; cross-national (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (3)

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