HPV Vaccine Hesitancy and Influencing Factors among University Students in China: A Cross-Sectional Survey Based on the 3Cs Model

Yan Huang, Cheng Chen, Lei Wang, Huamei Wu, Ting Chen () and Luying Zhang ()
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Yan Huang: Center for Chinese Public Administration Research, School of Government, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
Cheng Chen: School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
Lei Wang: School of Public Administration and Emergency Management, Institute of Public Policy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
Huamei Wu: Shanghai Urban Construction Vocational College, Shanghai 200438, China
Ting Chen: School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
Luying Zhang: School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 21, 1-10

Abstract: The burden of disease caused by cervical cancer ranked second among female tumors in China. The HPV vaccine has been proven to be a cost-effective measure to prevent cervical cancer, but the vaccination rate remained low to date among university students. This study aimed to understand the status quo of HPV vaccine hesitancy among university students across China during the COVID-19 pandemics and systematically analyze determinants of HPV vaccine hesitancy based on the WHO 3Cs model. Cross-sectional data were collected using an online survey of female university students in four cities across China in June 2022. Multinomial logistic regression was adopted to determine factors influencing vaccine hesitancy based on the 3Cs model with three dimensions, namely complacency, convenience, and confidence. Among 1438 female university students surveyed in this study, 89.7% did not hesitate to vaccinate against HPV, only 8.9% hesitated to some extent, and 1.4% refused to vaccinate. The actual vaccination rate for the HPV vaccine was 34.2%. Based on the 3Cs model, this study found that the trust on the efficacy of vaccines, risk perception of being infected by HPV, price, and distance/time were influencing factors of vaccine hesitancy. Knowledge of the HPV vaccine and sociodemographic characteristics, such as education levels, were also statistically relevant. Therefore, it is recommended that relevant scientific knowledge on cervical cancer and the HPV vaccine should be spread on campus, the vaccination appointment procedure should be simplified, and the affordability of vaccination should be increased through strategic purchasing or providing subsidies, so as to reduce HPV vaccine hesitancy.

Keywords: HPV vaccine; hesitancy; influencing factors; 3Cs model; university students (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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