Advancements in Monitoring Water Quality Based on Various Sensing Methods: A Systematic Review

Siti Nadhirah Zainurin, Wan Zakiah Wan Ismail (), Siti Nurul Iman Mahamud, Irneza Ismail, Juliza Jamaludin, Khairul Nabilah Zainul Ariffin and Wan Maryam Wan Ahmad Kamil
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Siti Nadhirah Zainurin: Advanced Devices and System, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Wan Zakiah Wan Ismail: Advanced Devices and System, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Siti Nurul Iman Mahamud: TF AMD Microelectronics Sdn Bhd, Kawasan Perindustrian Bayan Lepas, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Irneza Ismail: Advanced Devices and System, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Juliza Jamaludin: Advanced Devices and System, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Khairul Nabilah Zainul Ariffin: Advanced Devices and System, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Wan Maryam Wan Ahmad Kamil: School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 21, 1-21

Abstract: Nowadays, water pollution has become a global issue affecting most countries in the world. Water quality should be monitored to alert authorities on water pollution, so that action can be taken quickly. The objective of the review is to study various conventional and modern methods of monitoring water quality to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the methods. The methods include the Internet of Things (IoT), virtual sensing, cyber-physical system (CPS), and optical techniques. In this review, water quality monitoring systems and process control in several countries, such as New Zealand, China, Serbia, Bangladesh, Malaysia, and India, are discussed. Conventional and modern methods are compared in terms of parameters, complexity, and reliability. Recent methods of water quality monitoring techniques are also reviewed to study any loopholes in modern methods. We found that CPS is suitable for monitoring water quality due to a good combination of physical and computational algorithms. Its embedded sensors, processors, and actuators can be designed to detect and interact with environments. We believe that conventional methods are costly and complex, whereas modern methods are also expensive but simpler with real-time detection. Traditional approaches are more time-consuming and expensive due to the high maintenance of laboratory facilities, involve chemical materials, and are inefficient for on-site monitoring applications. Apart from that, previous monitoring methods have issues in achieving a reliable measurement of water quality parameters in real time. There are still limitations in instruments for detecting pollutants and producing valuable information on water quality. Thus, the review is important in order to compare previous methods and to improve current water quality assessments in terms of reliability and cost-effectiveness.

Keywords: embedded sensors; water quality monitoring system; water pollution and sensing methods (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (2)

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