Prepregnancy Protein Source and BCAA Intake Are Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the CARDIA Study

Meghana D. Gadgil (), Katherine H. Ingram, Duke Appiah, Jessica Rudd, Kara M. Whitaker, Wendy L. Bennett, James M. Shikany, David R. Jacobs, Cora E. Lewis and Erica P. Gunderson
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Meghana D. Gadgil: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
Katherine H. Ingram: Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
Duke Appiah: Department of Public Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center of Statistics and Analytical Sciences, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
Jessica Rudd: Department of Statistics and Analytical Sciences, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
Kara M. Whitaker: Department of Health and Human Physiology, Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
Wendy L. Bennett: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
James M. Shikany: Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
David R. Jacobs: Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
Cora E. Lewis: Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
Erica P. Gunderson: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA 94612, USA

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 21, 1-15

Abstract: Diet quality and protein source are associated with type 2 diabetes, however relationships with GDM are less clear. This study aimed to determine whether prepregnancy diet quality and protein source are associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Participants were 1314 Black and White women without diabetes, who had at least one birth during 25 years of follow-up in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) cohort study. The CARDIA A Priori Diet Quality Score (APDQS) was assessed in the overall cohort at enrollment and again at Year 7. Protein source and branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) intake were assessed only at the Year 7 exam ( n = 565). Logistic regression analysis was used to determine associations between prepregnancy dietary factors and GDM. Women who developed GDM ( n = 161) were more likely to have prepregnancy obesity and a family history of diabetes ( p < 0.05). GDM was not associated with prepregnancy diet quality at enrollment (Year 0) (odds ratio [OR]: 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99, 1.02) or Year 7 (odds ratio [OR]: 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.94, 1.00) in an adjusted model. Conversely, BCAA intake (OR:1.59, 95% CI 1.03, 2.43) and animal protein intake (OR: 1.06, 95% CI 1.02, 1.10) as a proportion of total protein intake, were associated with increased odds of GDM, while proportion of plant protein was associated with decreased odds of GDM (OR: 0.95, 95% CI 0.91, 0.99). In conclusion, GDM is strongly associated with source of prepregnancy dietary protein intake but not APDQS in the CARDIA study.

Keywords: gestational diabetes; diet quality; pregnancy; nutrition; protein (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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