Chemical Composition, Sources, and Health Risk Assessment of PM 2.5 and PM 10 in Urban Sites of Bangkok, Thailand

Mushtaq Ahmad, Thanaphum Manjantrarat, Wachiraya Rattanawongsa, Phitchaya Muensri, Rattaporn Saenmuangchin, Annop Klamchuen, Sasitorn Aueviriyavit, Kanokwan Sukrak, Wiyong Kangwansupamonkon () and Sirima Panyametheekul ()
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Mushtaq Ahmad: Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
Thanaphum Manjantrarat: Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
Wachiraya Rattanawongsa: National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
Phitchaya Muensri: National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
Rattaporn Saenmuangchin: National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
Annop Klamchuen: National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
Sasitorn Aueviriyavit: National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
Kanokwan Sukrak: Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
Wiyong Kangwansupamonkon: National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
Sirima Panyametheekul: Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 21, 1-17

Abstract: Of late, air pollution in Asia has increased, particularly in built-up areas due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. The present study sets out to examine the impact that pollution can have on the health of people living in the inner city of Bangkok, Thailand. Consequently, in 2021, fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and coarse particulate matter (PM 10 ) chemical composition and sources are evaluated at three locations in Bangkok. To identify the possible sources of such particulates, therefore, the principal component analysis (PCA) technique is duly carried out. As determined via PCA, the major sources of air pollution in Bangkok are local emission sources and sea salt. The most significant local sources of PM 2.5 and PM 10 in Bangkok include primary combustion, such as vehicle emissions, coal combustion, biomass burning, secondary aerosol formation, industrial emissions, and dust sources. Except for the hazard quotient (HQ) of Ni and Mn of PM 2.5 for adults, the HQ values of As, Cd, Cr, Mn, and Ni of both PM 2.5 and PM 10 were below the safe level (HQ = 1) for adults and children. This indicates that exposure to these metals would have non-carcinogenic health effects. Except for the carcinogenic risk (HI) value of Cr of PM 2.5 and PM 10 , which can cause cancer in adults, at Bangna and Din Daeng, the HI values of Cd, Ni, As, and Pb of PM 2.5 and PM 10 are below the limit set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). Ni and Mn pose non-carcinogenic risks, whereas Cr poses carcinogenic risks to adults via inhalation, a serious threat to the residents of Bangkok.

Keywords: air pollution; fine and coarse particles; risk assessment; source apportionment; principal component analysis (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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