Low Resilience Was a Risk Factor of Mental Health Problems during the COVID-19 Pandemic but Not in Individuals Exposed to COVID-19: A Cohort Study in Spanish Adult General Population

Maria Llistosella, Pere Castellvi (), Andrea Miranda-Mendizabal, Silvia Recoder, Ester Calbo, Marc Casajuana-Closas, David Leiva, Rumen Manolov, Nuria Matilla-Santander and Carlos G. Forero
Additional contact information
Maria Llistosella: Primary Health Care, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, 08227 Terrassa, Spain
Pere Castellvi: School of Medicine, International University of Catalonia (UIC), 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
Andrea Miranda-Mendizabal: School of Medicine, International University of Catalonia (UIC), 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
Silvia Recoder: Department of Basic Sciences, International University of Catalonia (UIC), 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
Ester Calbo: Servei Català de la Salut, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Marc Casajuana-Closas: Institut Universitari de Investigació en Atenció Primaria Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
David Leiva: Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
Rumen Manolov: Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
Nuria Matilla-Santander: Unit of Occupational Medicine, The Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
Carlos G. Forero: School of Medicine, International University of Catalonia (UIC), 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 22, 1-15

Abstract: Background: The aim is to analyze whether people with low resilience are at higher risk of mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spanish adults. Methods: a longitudinal cohort study was carried out. Resilience was measured with the CD-RISC. Mental health problems that were assessed included: Major Depressive Episode (MDE), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors (STB), and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Results: we found statistically significant differences between groups and resilience scores in MDE [F (3; 48.40) = 19.55], GAD [F (3; 19.63) = 6.45] and STB [F (3; 111.74) = 31.94]. Multivariable analyses showed individuals with very low resilience were at a 5-fold risk of Incidence of MDE and a 4-fold risk of STB. Persistent group presented a 21-fold risk of MDE and 54-fold risk of STB. No evidence of higher risk was found for GAD. Individuals with low resilience and exposed to COVID-19 were not at higher risk. Individuals with low resilience were at higher risk of PTSD in general population [β(95% CI) = −3.25 (−3.969 to −2.54)], but not for individuals with COVID-19. Conclusions: in the general population, having low or very low resilience increases the risk of suffering MDE, STB, and PTSD, but not GAD during the COVID-19 pandemic, and not in the population with COVID-19.

Keywords: psychological resilience; COVID-19; major depressive disorder; anxiety disorders; suicidal ideation; post-traumatic stress disorders; mental health (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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