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Characterization of Planktochlorella nurekis Extracts and Virucidal Activity against a Coronavirus Model, the Murine Coronavirus 3

Jacqueline Graff Reis, Isabella Dai Prá, William Michelon, Aline Viancelli, David Guillermo Piedrahita Marquez, Caroline Schmitz, Marcelo Maraschin, Sidnei Moura, Izabella Thaís Silva, Geovanna de Oliveira Costa, Tiago Tizziani, Louis P. Sandjo, David Rodríguez-Lázaro () and Gislaine Fongaro ()
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Jacqueline Graff Reis: Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
Isabella Dai Prá: Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
William Michelon: Mestrado Profissional em Engenharia Civil, Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade do Contestado Concórdia, Concórdia 89520-000, SC, Brazil
Aline Viancelli: Mestrado Profissional em Engenharia Civil, Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade do Contestado Concórdia, Concórdia 89520-000, SC, Brazil
David Guillermo Piedrahita Marquez: Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-000, SC, Brazil
Caroline Schmitz: Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-000, SC, Brazil
Marcelo Maraschin: Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88034-000, SC, Brazil
Sidnei Moura: LBIOP—Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural and Synthetics Products, Technology Department, Biotechnology Institute, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul 95070-560, RS, Brazil
Izabella Thaís Silva: Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
Geovanna de Oliveira Costa: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Department of Chemistry, CFM, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
Tiago Tizziani: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Department of Chemistry, CFM, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
Louis P. Sandjo: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Department of Chemistry, CFM, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
David Rodríguez-Lázaro: Microbiology Section, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
Gislaine Fongaro: Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 23, 1-17

Abstract: Certain members of the Coronaviridae family have emerged as zoonotic agents and have recently caused severe respiratory diseases in humans and animals, such as SARS, MERS, and, more recently, COVID-19. Antivirals (drugs and antiseptics) capable of controlling viruses at the site of infection are scarce. Microalgae from the Chlorellaceae family are sources of bioactive compounds with antioxidant, antiviral, and antitumor activity. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate various extracts from Planktochlorella nurekis in vitro against murine coronavirus-3 (MHV-3), which is an essential human coronavirus surrogate for laboratory assays. Methanol, hexane, and dichloromethane extracts of P. nurekis were tested in cells infected with MHV-3, and characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), and the application of chemometrics through principal component analysis (PCA). All the extracts were highly efficient against MHV-3 (more than a 6 Log unit reduction), regardless of the solvent used or the concentration of the extract, but the dichloromethane extract was the most effective. Chemical characterization by spectrophotometry and NMR, with the aid of statistical analysis, showed that polyphenols, carbohydrates, and isoprene derivatives, such as terpenes and carotenoids have a more significant impact on the virucidal potential. Compounds identified by UPLC-MS were mainly lipids and only found in the dichloromethane extract. These results open new biotechnological possibilities to explore the biomass of P. nurekis ; it is a natural extract and shows low cytotoxicity and an excellent antiviral effect, with low production costs, highlighting a promising potential for development and implementation of therapies against coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV-2.

Keywords: coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; murine coronavirus; metabolomic approach; NMR biomarkers; UPLC-MS; viricidal activity; antiviral activity (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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