Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic in Rice in Brazil: A Human Health Risk Assessment

Michele C. Toledo (), Janice S. Lee, Bruno L. Batista, Kelly P. K. Olympio and Adelaide C. Nardocci
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Michele C. Toledo: School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil
Janice S. Lee: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
Bruno L. Batista: Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of the ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
Kelly P. K. Olympio: School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil
Adelaide C. Nardocci: School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 24, 1-18

Abstract: In certain populations, rice is the main source of exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs), which is associated with cancer and non-cancer effects. Although rice is a staple food in Brazil, there have been few studies about the health risks for the Brazilian population. The objective of this study was to assess the risks of exposure to iAs from white rice and brown rice in Brazil, in terms of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects, and to propose measures to mitigate those risks. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and hazard quotient (HQ) were calculated in a probabilistic framework. The mean ILCR was 1.5 × 10 −4 for white rice and 6.0 × 10 −6 for brown rice. The HQ for white and brown rice was under 1. The ILCR for white and brown rice was high, even though the iAs concentration in rice is below the maximum contaminant level. The risk for brown rice consumption was lower, which was not expected. Various mitigation measures discussed in this report are estimated to reduce the risk from rice consumption by 5–67%. With the support of public policies, measures to reduce these risks for the Brazilian population would have a positive impact on public health.

Keywords: probabilistic risk assessment; hazard quotient; Monte Carlo; dietary exposure risk; mitigation measure; food contaminants (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (2)

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