Discrimination against and Associated Stigma Experienced by Transgender Women with Intersectional Identities in Thailand

Pimwarat Srikummoon, Yuphayong Thanutan, Natthaporn Manojai, Sukon Prasitwattanaseree, Nachale Boonyapisomparn, Unyamanee Kummaraka, Chanapat Pateekhum, Phisanu Chiawkhun, Chayut Owatsakul, Benchalak Maneeton, Narong Maneeton, Suttipong Kawilapat and Patrinee Traisathit ()
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Pimwarat Srikummoon: Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Yuphayong Thanutan: Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Natthaporn Manojai: Mplus Foundation, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
Sukon Prasitwattanaseree: Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Nachale Boonyapisomparn: The Foundation of Transgender Alliance for Human Rights, Bangkok 10160, Thailand
Unyamanee Kummaraka: Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Chanapat Pateekhum: Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Phisanu Chiawkhun: Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Chayut Owatsakul: Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Benchalak Maneeton: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Narong Maneeton: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Suttipong Kawilapat: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Patrinee Traisathit: Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 24, 1-12

Abstract: Although Thailand is overtly open to diversity and promotes equality, discrimination of minorities based on gender, ethnicity, and/or certain occupations is unfortunately still prevalent. Society either obstructs their inclusion or accepts them but only under certain conditions. The objective of this study is to examine the discrimination of TGWs with intersectional identities within Thai society. A total of 19 TGW participants were recruited and underwent in-depth thematic interviews about their experiences of discrimination. Rechecking of the extracted information from the interview transcripts and the subsequent encoding process were conducted using the NVivo program. The results show that the median age was 30 years old, and the majority of the individuals with intersectional identities were ethnic minority TGWs (47%). The in-depth interviews were divided into four main themes, including discrimination at an educational institution, discrimination in the workplace, discrimination in daily life, and discrimination at a healthcare facility. Our findings reflect problems associated with multiple sources of discrimination aimed at transgender women with an intersectional identity in Thailand in every aspect, including harsh speech or physical abuse; occupational, social, and legal inequality; and healthcare provision disparity. Raising awareness about gender diversity and intersectionality, as well as enforcing anti-bullying legislation and anti-discrimination laws, should be continually pursued in order to protect the rights and improve the quality of life of transgender individuals with an intersectional identity.

Keywords: discrimination; transgender women; ethnic minority; monk; Thailand (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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