Pre-Existing Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension and KidneyDisease as Risk Factors of Pre-Eclampsia: A Disease of Theories and Its Association with Genetic Polymorphism

Abdullah Salah Alanazi, Francis Victor, Kanwal Rehman, Yusra Habib Khan (), Ismaeel Yunusa, Abdulaziz Ibrahim Alzarea, Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash () and Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi
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Abdullah Salah Alanazi: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
Francis Victor: Department of Pharmacy, University of Chenab, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
Kanwal Rehman: Department of Pharmacy, The Women University, Multan 66000, Pakistan
Yusra Habib Khan: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
Ismaeel Yunusa: College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
Abdulaziz Ibrahim Alzarea: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 24, 1-19

Abstract: Pre-existing diabetes, hypertension and kidney disorders are prominent risk factors of pre-eclampsia (PE). It is a multifactorial pregnancy disorder associated with high blood pressure, proteinuria, and multiorgan failure, which develops after the 20th week of pregnancy. It is one of the most feared pregnancy disorders, as it consumes thousands of fetomaternal lives per annum. According to clinical and pathological studies, the placenta appears to be a key player in the pathogenesis of PE; however, the exact origin of this disorder is still under debate. Defective placentation and angiogenesis are the hallmarks of PE progression. This angiogenic imbalance, together with maternal susceptibility, might determine the severity and clinical presentation of PE. This article comprehensively examines the mechanisms of pathogenesis of PE and current evidence of the factors involved in its progression. Finally, this article will explore the genetic association of PE, various candidate genes, their proposed mechanisms and variants involved in its pathogenesis.

Keywords: pathogenesis; pre-eclampsia; diabetes; proinflammatory mediators; risk factors; antiphospholipid syndrome (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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