A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia in Spain in the COVID-19 Crisis

Stephen X. Zhang, Richard Z. Chen, Wen Xu, Allen Yin, Rebecca Kechen Dong, Bryan Z. Chen, Andrew Yilong Delios, Saylor Miller, Roger S. McIntyre, Wenping Ye and Xue Wan
Additional contact information
Stephen X. Zhang: Faculty of Professions, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
Richard Z. Chen: Crescent Valley High School, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
Wen Xu: Nottingham University Business School China, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
Allen Yin: School of Humanities, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
Rebecca Kechen Dong: Business School, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
Bryan Z. Chen: Faculty of Professions, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
Andrew Yilong Delios: Department of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
Saylor Miller: College of Business, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
Roger S. McIntyre: Mood Symptoms Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
Wenping Ye: Department of Business Administration, School of Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
Xue Wan: School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

IJERPH, 2022, vol. 19, issue 2, 1-15

Abstract: Background: General population, frontline healthcare workers (HCWs), and adult students in Spain are at risk of anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms during the COVID-19 crisis. A meta-analysis of the individual studies on these symptoms would provide systematic evidence to aid policymakers and researchers in focusing on prevalence, risk, and best interventions. Objective: This paper aims to be the first meta-analysis and systematic review to calculate the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms in Spain’s adult population (general population, frontline healthcare workers (HCWs), and adult students) during the Covid-19 epidemic. Method: Random-effect meta-analysis was used to estimate the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Results: The meta-analysis includes 28 studies with 38 individual samples in Spain. The pooled prevalence of anxiety symptoms in 22 studies comprising a sample population of 82,024 was 20% (95% CI: 15–25%), that of depression symptoms in 22 articles with a total sample comprising 82,890 individuals was 22% (95% CI: 18–28%), and that of insomnia symptoms in three articles with a sample population of 745 was 57% (95% CI: 48–66%. Conclusions: The accumulative evidence reveals that adults in Spain suffered higher prevalence rates of mental symptoms during the COVID-19 crisis, with a significantly higher rate relative to other countries such as China. Our synthesis also reveals a relative lack of studies on frontline and general HCWs in Spain.

Keywords: general population; frontline healthcare workers; anxiety; depression; meta-analysis (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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